The Iceman’s Last Meal Consisted of Fat, Wild Meat, and Cereals

Maixner, Frank; Turaev, Dmitrij; Cazenave-Gassiot, Amaury; Janko, Marek; Krause‐Kyora, Ben; Hoopmann, Michael R.; Kusebauch, Ulrike; Sartain, Mark J.; Guerriero, Gea; O’Sullivan, Niall; Teasdale, Matthew D.; Cipollini, Giovanna; Paladin, Alice; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Samadelli, Marco; Tecchiati, Umberto; Putzer, Andreas; Palazoglu, Mine; Meissen, John K.; Lösch, Sandra; Rausch, Philipp; Baines, John F.; Kim, Bum Jin; An, Hyun-Joo; Gostner, Paul; Egarter-Vigl, Eduard; Malfertheiner, Peter; Keller, Andreas; Stark, Robert W.; Wenk, Markus R.; Bishop, David; Bradley, Daniel G.; Fiehn, Oliver; Engstrand, Lars; Moritz, Robert L.; Doble, Philip; Franke, André; Nebel, Almut; Oeggl, Klaus; Rattei, Thomas; Grimm, Rudolf; Zink, Albert

doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.067

Cited by 41 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Therefore, his body tissues and intestines still contain well preserved ancient biomolecules (DNA, proteins, lipids) that allowed e.g. the reconstruction of the Iceman's genome (Keller et al, 2012) , the genomic analysis of the stomach pathogen Helicobacter pylori (Maixner et al, 2016) , and the molecular reconstruction of the Iceman's last meal (Maixner et al, 2018) . In addition, we subjected three ancient coprolite samples from a Mexican cave to metagenomics analysis ( Figure 5 ).…”

Section: Iceman Samples and Mexican Coprolite Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevotella copri complex comprises four distinct clades that are underrepresented in Westernised populations

Tett

Huang

Asnicar

et al. 2019

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Prevotella copri is a common inhabitant of the human gut. Interest in P. copri has gathered pace due to conflicting reports on whether it is beneficial or detrimental to health. In a cross-continent meta-analysis exploiting >6,500 available metagenomes supported by new isolate sequencing and recovery of high-quality genomes from metagenomes, we obtained >1,000 P. copri genomes. This 100-fold increase over existing isolate genomes allowed the genetic and global population structure of P. copri to be explored at an unprecedented depth. We demonstrate P. copri is not a monotypic species, but encompasses four distinct clades (>10% inter-clade vs. <4% intra-clade average single nucleotide variants) for which we propose the name P. copri complex, comprising clades A, B, C and D. We show the complex is near ubiquitous in non-Westernised populations (95.4% versus 29.6% in Westernised populations), where all four clades are typically co-present within an individual (61.6% of the cases), in contrast to Westernised populations (4.6%). Genomic analysis of the complex reveals substantial and complementary functional diversity, including the potential for utilisation of complex carbohydrates, suggestive that multi-generational dietary modifications may be a driver for the reduced P. copri prevalence in Westernised populations. Analysis of ancient stool microbiomes highlights a similar pattern of P. copri presence consistent with modern non-Westernised populations, allowing us to estimate the time of clade delineation to pre-date human migratory waves out of Africa. Our analysis reveals P. copri to be far more diverse than previously appreciated and this diversity appears to be underrepresented in Western-lifestyle populations.

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Section: Iceman Samples and Mexican Coprolite Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevotella copri complex comprises four distinct clades that are underrepresented in Westernised populations

Tett

Huang

Asnicar

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Altogether, DNA metabarcoding has become increasingly common in environmental biology (7), and we believe that future applications and refinements of the approach described here could be valuable in studies of human nutrition and health. In conjunction with applying other molecular approaches to human samples, such as microscopy, stable isotope probing, and multi-omics techniques (37–39), a more complete picture of human diets is possible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using DNA Metabarcoding To Evaluate the Plant Component of Human Diets: a Proof of Concept

et al. 2019

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Current methods for capturing human dietary patterns typically rely on individual recall and as such are subject to the limitations of human memory. DNA sequencing-based approaches, frequently used for profiling nonhuman diets, do not suffer from the same limitations. Here, we used metabarcoding to broadly characterize the plant portion of human diets for the first time. The majority of sequences corresponded to known human foods, including all but one foodstuff included in an experimental plant-rich diet. Metabarcoding could distinguish between experimental diets and matched individual diet records from controlled settings with high accuracy. Because this method is independent of survey language and timing, it could also be applied to geographically and culturally disparate human populations, as well as in retrospective studies involving banked human stool.

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“…Their scientific investigation enables exploration of the death cult including funerary tradition, body treatment and afterlife concepts, as well as the ability to generate biological profiles of ancient populations on questions such as provenance, mobility, migration, familial kinship relations, dietary habits, age at death, sex, body height, medical care and diseases. Those exceptional insights into lifestyles, living conditions and religious concepts of people from the past have been broadly demonstrated through multidisciplinary investigations of mummies originating from different cultures, time periods, geographic regions and climatic environments [ 3 – 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decorated bodies for eternal life: A multidisciplinary study of late Roman Period stucco-shrouded portrait mummies from Saqqara (Egypt)

et al. 2020

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This study focuses on the multidisciplinary investigation of three stucco-shrouded mummies with mummy portrait from Egypt dating from the late 3 rd to the middle of the 4 th century AD, corresponding to the late Roman Period. These three mummies were excavated in the early 17 th and late 19 th centuries in the Saqqara necropolis near the ancient Egyptian capital of Memphis. Two of them experienced an interesting collection history, when they became part of the collection of the Elector of Saxony and King of Poland August II in Dresden, Germany, in 1728. The investigation includes information about the mummies’ discovery, collection history and shroud decoration obtained through Egyptological expertise. In addition, information on the state of preservation, technique of artificial mummification, age at death, sex, body height and health of the deceased was achieved through computed tomography (CT) analysis. Research yielded an adult male, a middle-aged female and a young female. Due to the rather poorly preserved bodies of the male and middle-aged female, a specific technique of artificial mummification could not be ascertained. Brain and several internal organs of the well-preserved young female were identified. Wooden boards, beads of necklaces, a hairpin, and metal dense items, such as lead seals, nails and two coins or medallions were discovered. Paleopathological findings included carious lesions, Schmorl’s nodes, evidence of arthritis and a vertebral hemangioma. The study revealed insights on the decoration and burial preparation of individuals of upper socioeconomic status living in the late Roman Period, as well as comprehensive bioanthropological information of the deceased.

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The Iceman’s Last Meal Consisted of Fat, Wild Meat, and Cereals

Cited by 41 publications

References 75 publications

The Prevotella copri complex comprises four distinct clades that are underrepresented in Westernised populations

The Prevotella copri complex comprises four distinct clades that are underrepresented in Westernised populations

Using DNA Metabarcoding To Evaluate the Plant Component of Human Diets: a Proof of Concept

Decorated bodies for eternal life: A multidisciplinary study of late Roman Period stucco-shrouded portrait mummies from Saqqara (Egypt)

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