The ICD‐11 and DSM‐5‐TR prolonged grief criteria: Validation of the Traumatic Grief Inventory‐Self Report Plus using exploratory factor analysis and item response theory

Kokou-Kpolou, Cyrille Kossigan; Lenferink, Lonneke; Brunnet, Alice Einloft; Park, Sunyoung; Mégalakaki, Olga; Boelen, Paul A.; Cénat, Jude Mary

doi:10.1002/cpp.2765

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…These study characteristics may limit the generalizability of our findings to other groups of bereaved adults. However, it should be noted that the results found in the present study were comparable to the results of past validation studies using different samples (Kokou‐Kpolou et al, 2022; Lenferink et al, 2022), which appears to suggest that the TGI‐SR+ has similar psychometric properties across different groups of bereaved adults. Nevertheless, further examinations of the Swedish TGI‐SR+ in diverse bereaved samples are warranted.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Evidence for convergent validity was provided by showing strong positive correlations between DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 PG symptom levels as assessed with the TGI-SR+ and symptoms of PTS and depression. This aligns with the well-documented strong associations of PG symptoms with symptoms of these neighbouring disorders (Kokou-Kpolou et al, 2022;Lenferink et al, 2022; for reviews see Heeke et al, 2019;Komischke-Konnerup et al, 2021). Furthermore, strong positive associations were found between DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 PG symptoms and PG symptoms per Prigerson et al (2009).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…To do so, we evaluated the factor structure, reliability, convergent validity, known‐groups validity and an optimal cut‐off for probable PGD cases for items representing the DSM‐5‐TR and ICD‐11 PGD symptom sets separately. Based on prior validation studies of the Dutch and French TGI‐SR+ (Kokou‐Kpolou et al, 2022; Lenferink et al, 2022), we expected to find an acceptable fit for the unidimensional model for items representing DSM‐5‐TR and ICD‐11 PG symptoms. We did not expect a relevant improvement of fit for the two‐factor model over the one‐factor model for both criteria sets.…”

Section: The Current Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior research has examined the psychometric properties of the original Dutch TGI-SR+ (Lenferink et al, 2022) and the translated French TGI-SR+ (Kokou-Kpolou et al, 2022). Main findings are summarized here.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychometric evaluation of the Swedish Traumatic Grief Inventory Self‐Report Plus (TGI‐SR+) in bereaved parents

Lenferink,

van Dijk,

Eisma

et al. 2023

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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The International Classification of Diseases Eleventh Edition (ICD‐11), and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM‐5‐TR), now include prolonged grief disorder (PGD). Since criteria for PGD in both classification systems differ from prior proposed grief disorders and each other, the validation of a single instrument to screen for prolonged grief (PG) symptoms of both new diagnoses is critical for bereavement research and care. Therefore, we evaluated the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Traumatic Grief Inventory Self‐Report Plus (TGI‐SR+). Two‐hundred and forty‐eight bereaved parents completed questions about sociodemographic and loss‐related variables, the TGI‐SR+, and symptom measures of post‐traumatic stress (PTS), depression and an older measure of PG symptoms, the Prolonged Grief Disorder‐13 (PG‐13). Confirmatory factor analyses showed that a one‐factor model best fit DSM‐5‐TR and ICD‐11 PG symptoms and the analyses of the internal consistency and inter‐item correlations showed that these symptoms could be reliably assessed. In support of convergent validity, DSM‐5‐TR and ICD‐11 PG symptoms correlated with symptoms of PTS, depression and PG assessed with the PG‐13. In support of known‐groups validity, DSM‐5‐TR and ICD‐11 PG symptoms were higher among lower educated (vs. higher educated) participants and related negatively to time since loss. ROC analyses showed optimal cut‐off score of ≥71 and ≥72 to determine probable caseness for DSM‐5‐TR and ICD‐11 PGD, respectively. Results support the reliability and validity of the Swedish TGI‐SR+ as a screening instrument for PG in research and bereavement care.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: The Current Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychometric evaluation of the Swedish Traumatic Grief Inventory Self‐Report Plus (TGI‐SR+) in bereaved parents

Lenferink,

van Dijk,

Eisma

et al. 2023

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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“…In case multiple losses are equally often on your mind and/or are equally stressful, please select one person while completing the questionnaire. Research demonstrated that the TGI-SR+ has good psychometric properties (Kokou-Kpolou et al, 2022 ; Lenferink, Eisma, et al, 2022 ). Cronbach’s alphas of the DSM-5-TR PGD items in this study were .93 at pre-VPS and .92 at post-VPS.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grief and delivering a statement in court: a longitudinal mixed-method study among homicidally bereaved people

Nijborg,

Kunst,

Westerhof

et al. 2024

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: Participating in a criminal trial may increase the likelihood of developing psychopathology. In 2021, people bereaved by a plane disaster (flight MH17) had the opportunity to deliver a victim personal statement (VPS) in Dutch court. Objective: This longitudinal mixed-method study examined different aspects of 84 bereaved people’s experiences with VPS delivery. Method: Motivations to deliver, or not deliver, an oral VPS were examined qualitatively using thematic content analysis. Whether background and loss-related variables were related to the decision to deliver a VPS was examined using binary logistic regression analyses. Between-group (delivered VPS vs. did not) and within-group (pre- vs. post-VPS) comparisons were made regarding prolonged grief disorder (PGD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression levels using t -tests and paired t -tests. Results: Bereaved people were most frequently motivated to deliver an oral VPS to describe the impact of the incident, while those who did not deliver an oral VPS commonly wanted to protect themselves from the perceived emotional burden. None of the correlates – i.e. biological sex, age, level of education, number of losses, and (closest) relationship to the deceased – were related to the decision to deliver a VPS. Lastly, significantly higher PGD, PTSD, and depression levels were reported by people who delivered a VPS than those who did not, before and after the court hearing. No significant within-group differences were found over time. Conclusions: Professionals may provide emotional support to bereaved people who want to deliver a VPS and manage their expectations if they want to deliver a VPS for the purpose of symptom reduction. Future research may benefit from examining other ways in which VPS delivery might have beneficial or detrimental effects for specific individuals. Overall, implementing VPS delivery in court on the basis of emotional restoration remains empirically unsupported, if defined as a reduction in psychopathological levels.

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Symptoms and levels of ICD-11 Prolonged Grief Disorder in a representative community sample of UK adults

Shevlin¹,

Redican²,

Hyland

et al. 2023

Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol

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Background Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) is a new disorder included in ICD-11 (WHO, 2018). There is a growing body of literature surrounding the prevalence and correlates of ICD-11 PGD symptoms as assessed using various measures. This study was the first to assess levels of ICD-11 PGD symptoms as measured by the International Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (IPGDS), a self-report scale directly aligned with the ICD-11 definition of PGD, among the United Kingdom adult general population, and identify correlates. Method Participants included 2025 adults who participated in Wave 5 of the COVID-19 Psychological Research Consortium Study (C19PRC-UK). Prevalence rates of PGD were estimated based on two commonly used algorithms defined as ‘strict’ and ‘moderate’. Sociodemographic, loss-related, and mental health correlates (i.e., anxiety, depression, mental health treatment seeking, loneliness) of strict and moderate PGD were then examined using multinomial logistic regressions. Results It was found that 2.4% (n = 43) of participants met probable caseness for PGD using the strict criteria while 7.9% (n = 140) met probable caseness for PGD using the moderate criteria. Multinomial logistic regression analysis results showed, as predicted, that income, time since bereavement, death of a child, religiosity, and depression were associated with both moderate and strict PGD. Correlates of moderate PGD included country of residence, urbanicity, younger age of bereaved, and loneliness. Conclusions This study highlights that some symptoms of PGD are commonly reported in the general population, although relatively few meet the criteria for clinical significance. The routine assessment for PGD following a bereavement is discussed and the development of appropriate interventions are recommended.

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The ICD‐11 and DSM‐5‐TR prolonged grief criteria: Validation of the Traumatic Grief Inventory‐Self Report Plus using exploratory factor analysis and item response theory

Cited by 11 publications

References 55 publications

Psychometric evaluation of the Swedish Traumatic Grief Inventory Self‐Report Plus (TGI‐SR+) in bereaved parents

Psychometric evaluation of the Swedish Traumatic Grief Inventory Self‐Report Plus (TGI‐SR+) in bereaved parents

Grief and delivering a statement in court: a longitudinal mixed-method study among homicidally bereaved people

Symptoms and levels of ICD-11 Prolonged Grief Disorder in a representative community sample of UK adults

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