The <i>SENSITIVE TO FREEZING2</i> Gene, Required for Freezing Tolerance in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, Encodes a β-Glucosidase

Thorlby, Glenn; Fourrier, Nicolas; Warren, Gareth J.

doi:10.1105/tpc.104.024018

Cited by 103 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In Arabidopsis, the AtSFR2 transcript and protein levels are kept constant in the tissues and under all conditions tested (Thorlby et al, 2004). Similarly, we observed a constant abundance of SlSFR2 transcripts at all instances tested in tomato (Supplemental Fig.…”

Section: Atsfr2 and Slsfr2 Are Genuine Orthologsmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…The SFR2 protein is associated with the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts and is crucial for maintaining chloroplast membrane integrity after exposure to freezing temperatures (Fourrier et al, 2008;Roston et al, 2014). Despite the fact that this protein was originally classified as a family I glycosyl-hydrolase and originally described as glucosidase (Thorlby et al, 2004), SFR2 has galactosyltransferase activity (Moellering et al, 2010;Roston et al, 2014). Once activated under freezing conditions, SFR2 processively transfers galactosyl residues from the most abundant chloroplast membrane lipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) to a second galactolipid acceptor, forming oligogalactolipids and diacylglycerol (DAG).…”

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confidence: 99%

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SENSITIVE TO FREEZING2 Aids in Resilience to Salt and Drought in Freezing-Sensitive Tomato

2016

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SENSITIVE TO FREEZING2 (SFR2) is crucial for protecting chloroplast membranes following freezing in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). It has been shown that SFR2 homologs are present in all land plants, including freezing-sensitive species, raising the question of SFR2 function beyond freezing tolerance. Similar to freezing, salt and drought can cause dehydration. Thus, it is hypothesized that in freezing-sensitive plants SFR2 may play roles in their resilience to salt or drought. To test this hypothesis, SlSFR2 RNAi lines were generated in the cold/freezing-sensitive species tomato (Solanum lycopersicum [M82 cv]). Hypersensitivity to salt and drought of SlSFR2-RNAi lines was observed. Higher tolerance of wild-type tomatoes was correlated with the production of trigalactosyldiacylglycerol, a product of SFR2 activity. Tomato SFR2 in vitro activity is Mg 2+ -dependent and its optimal pH is 7.5, similar to that of Arabidopsis SFR2, but the specific activity of tomato SFR2 in vitro is almost double that of Arabidopsis SFR2. When salt and drought stress were applied to Arabidopsis, no conditions could be identified at which SFR2 was induced prior to irreversibly impacting plant growth, suggesting that SFR2 protects Arabidopsis primarily against freezing. Discovery of tomato SFR2 function in drought and salt resilience provides further insights into general membrane lipid remodeling-based stress tolerance mechanisms and together with protection against freezing in freezing-resistant plants such as Arabidopsis, it adds lipid remodeling as a possible target for the engineering of abiotic stress-resilient crops.

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Section: Atsfr2 and Slsfr2 Are Genuine Orthologsmentioning

confidence: 55%

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confidence: 99%

SENSITIVE TO FREEZING2 Aids in Resilience to Salt and Drought in Freezing-Sensitive Tomato

2016

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“…In plants, they are involved in cell wall catabolism, signaling, lignification, defense, symbiosis, and secondary metabolism. Putative β-glucosidase genes have been shown to be induced by biotic and abiotic stresses and they were considered critical for the success of plant development in stressful environments [36][37][38][39][40]. Accordingly, plants are the organisms that have the highest number of GH1s, e.g., 48 in A. thaliana [41] and 40 in Oryza sativa [42].…”

Section: Gh1 Gh3 and Gh51mentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycoside Hydrolases in Plant Cell Wall Proteomes: Predicting Functions That Could Be Relevant for Improving Biomass Transformation Processes

Calderan-Rodrigues¹,

Fonseca²,

Clemente³

et al. 2018

Advances in Biofuels and Bioenergy

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Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) are enzymes that are able to rearrange the plant cell wall polysaccharides, being developmental-and stress-regulated. Such proteins are used in enzymatic cocktails for biomass hydrolysis in the second-generation ethanol (E2G) production. In this chapter, we investigate GHs identified in plant cell wall proteomes by predicting their functions through alignment with homologous plant and microorganism sequences and identification of functional domains. Up to now, 49 cell wall GHs were identified in sugarcane and 114 in Brachypodium distachyon. We could point at candidate proteins that could be targeted to lower biomass recalcitrance. We more specifically addressed several GHs with predicted cellulase, hemicellulase, and pectinase activities, such as β-xylosidase, α and β-galactosidase, α-N-arabinofuranosidases, and glucan β-glucosidases. These enzymes are among the most used in enzymatic cocktails to deconstruct plant cell walls. As an example, the fungi arabinofuranosidases belonging to the GH51 family, which were also identified in sugarcane and B. distachyon, have already been associated to the degradation of hemicellulosic and pectic polysaccharides, through a peculiar mechanism, probably more efficient than other GH families. Future research will benefit from the information available here to design plant varieties with self-disassembly capacity, making the E2G more cost-effective through the use of more efficient enzymes.

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“…By sequence similarity, SFR2 was classified as a family 1 glycosyl hydrolase (GH1) 2 (2). However, it was recently shown to have transferase activity (3).…”

Section: Sensitive To Freezing 2 (Sfr2) Is Classified As a Family Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Determinants Allowing Transferase Activity in SENSITIVE TO FREEZING 2, Classified as a Family I Glycosyl Hydrolase

Roston

Wang

Kuhn

et al. 2014

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Background: SENSITIVE TO FREEZING 2 (SFR2) is classified as a glycosyl hydrolase, and by using glycosyltransferase activity, it modifies membrane lipids to promote freeze tolerance. Results: Although the active site of SFR2 is identical to hydrolases, adjacent loop regions contribute to its transferase activity. Conclusion: Transferase activity evolved by modifications external to the core catalytic site. Significance: Defined structure-function relationships will inform engineering of transferases and freeze tolerance.

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The SENSITIVE TO FREEZING2 Gene, Required for Freezing Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana, Encodes a β-Glucosidase

Cited by 103 publications

References 51 publications

SENSITIVE TO FREEZING2 Aids in Resilience to Salt and Drought in Freezing-Sensitive Tomato

SENSITIVE TO FREEZING2 Aids in Resilience to Salt and Drought in Freezing-Sensitive Tomato

Glycoside Hydrolases in Plant Cell Wall Proteomes: Predicting Functions That Could Be Relevant for Improving Biomass Transformation Processes

Structural Determinants Allowing Transferase Activity in SENSITIVE TO FREEZING 2, Classified as a Family I Glycosyl Hydrolase

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