The <i>pilH</i> gene encodes an ABC transporter homologue required for type IV pilus biogenesis and social gliding motility in <i>Myxococcus xanthus</i>

Wu, Samuel S.; Wu, Jie; Cheng, Yvonne; Kaiser, Dale

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.01013.x

Cited by 60 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…(MXAN5782), pilH (MXAN5781), and pilI (MXAN5780) genes (Wu et al 1998); and the pilB (MXAN5788), pilT (MXAN5787), pilC (MXAN5786), and pilQ (MXAN5772) genes, each of which has been shown to be essential for S motility (Wu et al 1997;Wall et al 1999). Insertions of magellan-4 were obtained in each of these genes, as well as in pilP (MXAN5773), pilO (MXAN5774), pilM (MXAN5776), pilR (MXAN5784), and nla23(MXAN5777), predicted to encode a response regulator homologous to PilR (Wall et al 1999;Caberoy et al 2003).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transposon Insertions ofmagellan-4That Impair Social Gliding Motility inMyxococcus xanthus

Youderian

Hartzell

2006

Genetics

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Myxococcus xanthus has two different mechanisms of motility, adventurous (A) motility, which permits individual cells to glide over solid surfaces, and social (S) motility, which permits groups of cells to glide. To identify the genes involved in S-gliding motility, we mutagenized a DaglU (A ÿ ) strain with the defective transposon, magellan-4, and screened for S ÿ mutants that form nonmotile colonies. Sequence analysis of the sites of the magellan-4 insertions in these mutants and the alignment of these sites with the M. xanthus genome sequence show that two-thirds of these insertions lie within 27 of the 37 nonessential genes known to be required for social motility, including those necessary for the biogenesis of type IV pili, exopolysaccharide, and lipopolysaccharide. The remaining insertions also identify 31 new, nonessential genes predicted to encode both structural and regulatory determinants of S motility. These include three tetratricopeptide repeat proteins, several regulators of transcription that may control the expression of genes involved in pilus extension and retraction, and additional enzymes involved in polysaccharide metabolism. Three insertions that abolish S motility lie within genes predicted to encode glycolytic enzymes, suggesting that the signal for pilus retraction may be a simple product of exopolysaccharide catabolism.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transposon Insertions ofmagellan-4That Impair Social Gliding Motility inMyxococcus xanthus

Youderian

Hartzell

2006

Genetics

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“…A role for type IV pili in surface sensing and biofilm structure was suggested by O'Toole and Kolter (49), since P. aeruginosa pili mutants impaired in twitching motility and microcolony formation were still able to attach to surfaces and form monolayers. Type IV pili have also been linked to the formation of cell clusters in Myxococcus xanthus (73,74).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Phenotypic Changes in Pseudomonas putida in Response to Surface-Associated Growth

2001

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The formation of complex bacterial communities known as biofilms begins with the interaction of planktonic cells with a surface. A switch between planktonic and sessile growth is believed to result in a phenotypic change in bacteria. In this study, a global analysis of physiological changes of the plant saprophyte Pseudomonas putida following 6 h of attachment to a silicone surface was carried out by analysis of protein profiles and by mRNA expression patterns. Two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis revealed 15 proteins that were up-regulated following bacterial adhesion and 30 proteins that were down-regulated. N-terminal sequence analyses of 11 of the down-regulated proteins identified a protein with homology to the ABC transporter, PotF; an outer membrane lipoprotein, NlpD; and five proteins that were homologous to proteins involved in amino acid metabolism. cDNA subtractive hybridization revealed 40 genes that were differentially expressed following initial attachment of P. putida. Twenty-eight of these genes had known homologs. As with the 2-D gel analysis, NlpD and genes involved in amino acid metabolism were identified by subtractive hybridization and found to be down-regulated following surface-associated growth. The gene for PotB was up-regulated, suggesting differential expression of ABC transporters following attachment to this surface. Other genes that showed differential regulation were structural components of flagella and type IV pili, as well as genes involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis. Immunoblot analysis of PilA and FliC confirmed the presence of flagella in planktonic cultures but not in 12-or 24-h biofilms. In contrast, PilA was observed in 12-h biofilms but not in planktonic culture. Recent evidence suggests that quorum sensing by bacterial homoserine lactones (HSLs) may play a regulatory role in biofilm development. To determine if similar protein profiles occurred during quorum sensing and during early biofilm formation, HSLs extracted from P. putida and pure C 12 -HSL were added to 6-h planktonic cultures of P. putida, and cell extracts were analyzed by 2-D gel profiles. Differential expression of 16 proteins was observed following addition of HSLs. One protein, PotF, was found to be down-regulated by both surface-associated growth and by HSL addition. The other 15 proteins did not correspond to proteins differentially expressed by surface-associated growth. The results presented here demonstrate that P. putida undergoes a global change in gene expression following initial attachment to a surface. Quorum sensing may play a role in the initial attachment process, but other sensory processes must also be involved in these phenotypic changes.

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“…The frz genes, many of which are homologous to chemotaxis genes of enteric bacteria, are in-volved in control of single-cell reversal during growth and are required for development. pilA also appears to be required for normal fruiting-body morphogenesis (60). Since social motility is known to play a role in development, particularly during rippling (approximately 5 h into development), it would seem appropriate for expression of pilA to be up-regulated during this period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…M. xanthus pili do function in S motility, and S motility plays a significant role in development, both in rippling during early development and in later fruiting-body morphogenesis (19,42). Recently, we have found that several pilus-lacking mutants have developmental defects (60). Regulation of pilus expres-sion could therefore be a way to control social motility during development.…”

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confidence: 99%

Regulation of expression of the pilA gene in Myxococcus xanthus

1997

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Type IV pili are required for social gliding motility in Myxococcus xanthus. In this work, the expression of pilin (the pilA gene product) during vegetative growth and fruiting-body development was examined. A polyclonal antibody against the pilA gene product (prepilin) was prepared, along with a pilA-lacZ fusion, and was used to assay expression of pilA in M. xanthus in different mutant backgrounds. pilA expression required the response regulator pilR but was negatively regulated by the putative sensor kinase pilS. pilA expression did not require pilB, pilC, or pilT. pilA was also autoregulated; a mutation which altered an invariant glutamate five residues from the presumed prepilin processing site eliminated this autoregulation, as did a deletion of the pilA gene. Primer extension and S1 nuclease analysis identified a 54 promoter upstream of pilA, consistent with the homology of pilR to the NtrC family of response regulators. Expression of pilA was found to be developmentally regulated; however, the timing of this expression pattern was not entirely dependent on pilS or pilR. Finally, pilA expression was induced by high nutrient concentrations, an effect that was also not dependent on pilS or pilR.

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The pilH gene encodes an ABC transporter homologue required for type IV pilus biogenesis and social gliding motility in Myxococcus xanthus

Cited by 60 publications

References 38 publications

Transposon Insertions ofmagellan-4That Impair Social Gliding Motility inMyxococcus xanthus

Transposon Insertions ofmagellan-4That Impair Social Gliding Motility inMyxococcus xanthus

Characterization of Phenotypic Changes in Pseudomonas putida in Response to Surface-Associated Growth

Regulation of expression of the pilA gene in Myxococcus xanthus

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