The Magnaporthe oryzae Avirulence Gene AvrPiz-t Encodes a Predicted Secreted Protein That Triggers the Immunity in Rice Mediated by the Blast Resistance Gene Piz-t

Li, Wei; Wang, Baohua; Wu, Jun; Lu, Guodong; Hu, Yajun; Zhang, Xing; Zhang, Zhengguang; Zhao, Qiang; Feng, Qi; Zhang, Hongyan; Wang, Zhengyi; Wang, Guoliang; Han, Bin; Wang, Zonghua; Zhou, Bo

doi:10.1094/mpmi-22-4-0411

Cited by 238 publications

(217 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…In addition to Slp1, more than a dozen effector proteins have been identified in M. oryzae, such as Pwl2 (for pathogenicity toward weeping lovegrass protein2) (Sweigard et al, 1995), AVR-Pita1 (Jia et al, 2000), AVR-Pia (Miki et al, 2009;Yoshida et al, 2009), AVR-Pik/km/kp, AVR-Pii (Yoshida et al, 2009), AVR-CO39 (Farman et al, 2002), Bas1 to Bas4 (Mosquera et al, 2009), and AvrPiz-t (Li et al, 2009). N-Glycosylation sites are predicted in some of these effector proteins, including Bas2, Bas4, and AvrPiz-t, suggesting that Alg3 may mediate the N-glycosylation of several effector proteins in M. oryzae during plant infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

N-Glycosylation of Effector Proteins by an α-1,3-Mannosyltransferase Is Required for the Rice Blast Fungus to Evade Host Innate Immunity

et al. 2014

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Plant pathogenic fungi deploy secreted effectors to suppress plant immunity responses. These effectors operate either in the apoplast or within host cells, so they are putatively glycosylated, but the posttranslational regulation of their activities has not been explored. In this study, the ASPARAGINE-LINKED GLYCOSYLATION3 (ALG3)-mediated N-glycosylation of the effector, Secreted LysM Protein1 (Slp1), was found to be essential for its activity in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. ALG3 encodes an a-1,3-mannosyltransferase for protein N-glycosylation. Deletion of ALG3 resulted in the arrest of secondary infection hyphae and a significant reduction in virulence. We observed that Dalg3 mutants induced massive production of reactive oxygen species in host cells, in a similar manner to Dslp1 mutants, which is a key factor responsible for arresting infection hyphae of the mutants. Slp1 sequesters chitin oligosaccharides to avoid their recognition by the rice (Oryza sativa) chitin elicitor binding protein CEBiP and the induction of innate immune responses, including reactive oxygen species production. We demonstrate that Slp1 has three N-glycosylation sites and that simultaneous Alg3-mediated N-glycosylation of each site is required to maintain protein stability and the chitin binding activity of Slp1, which are essential for its effector function. These results indicate that Alg3-mediated N-glycosylation of Slp1 is required to evade host innate immunity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

N-Glycosylation of Effector Proteins by an α-1,3-Mannosyltransferase Is Required for the Rice Blast Fungus to Evade Host Innate Immunity

et al. 2014

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“…AVR-Pita1 (Orbach et al, 2000;Khang et al, 2008), which confers AVR toward rice containing the corresponding R gene Pita , encodes a putative zinc metalloprotease. Additional cloned AVR genes are AVR1-CO39 and AvrPiz-t, which were identified by map-based cloning (Farman and Leong, 1998;Li et al, 2009), AVR-Pii and AVR-Pik/km/kp, which were identified by fungal genome resequencing and association genetics (Yoshida et al, 2009), and AVR-Pia, which was cloned independently using association genetics and spontaneous mutant analysis (Shinsuke et al, 2009;Yoshida et al, 2009). Transient expression of AVR-Pita1, AVR-Pia, AVR-Pii, and AVR-Pik/km/kp proteins in rice with the cognate R gene product suggested that they function after secretion from the fungus and translocation into the rice cytoplasm Yoshida et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Translocation ofMagnaporthe oryzaeEffectors into Rice Cells and Their Subsequent Cell-to-Cell Movement

et al. 2010

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Knowledge remains limited about how fungal pathogens that colonize living plant cells translocate effector proteins inside host cells to regulate cellular processes and neutralize defense responses. To cause the globally important rice blast disease, specialized invasive hyphae (IH) invade successive living rice (Oryza sativa) cells while enclosed in host-derived extrainvasive hyphal membrane. Using live-cell imaging, we identified a highly localized structure, the biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC), which accumulates fluorescently labeled effectors secreted by IH. In each newly entered rice cell, effectors were first secreted into BICs at the tips of the initially filamentous hyphae in the cell. These tip BICs were left behind beside the first-differentiated bulbous IH cells as the fungus continued to colonize the host cell. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments showed that the effector protein PWL2 (for prevents pathogenicity toward weeping lovegrass [Eragrostis curvula]) continued to accumulate in BICs after IH were growing elsewhere. PWL2 and BAS1 (for biotrophyassociated secreted protein 1), BIC-localized secreted proteins, were translocated into the rice cytoplasm. By contrast, BAS4, which uniformly outlines the IH, was not translocated into the host cytoplasm. Fluorescent PWL2 and BAS1 proteins that reached the rice cytoplasm moved into uninvaded neighbors, presumably preparing host cells before invasion. We report robust assays for elucidating the molecular mechanisms that underpin effector secretion into BICs, translocation to the rice cytoplasm, and cell-to-cell movement in rice.

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“…Rice blast fungus is a representative model phytopathogenic fungus for which gene-for-gene interactions with the host are applicable. To date, more than 40 resistance genes have been identified in host rice and among the corresponding pathogen avirulence, 9 genes have been identified through molecular biology and functional genetics [37][38][39][40][41][42]. As a strategy to control rice blast fungus, introduction of a resistance gene through breeding is considered to be most effective.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Forecasting of Rice Blast Disease Using Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Networks

Kim¹,

Roh²,

Kim

2017

Sustainability

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Among all diseases affecting rice production, rice blast disease has the greatest impact. Thus, monitoring and precise prediction of the occurrence of this disease are important; early prediction of the disease would be especially helpful for prevention. Here, we propose an artificial-intelligence-based model for rice blast disease prediction. Historical data on rice blast occurrence in representative areas of rice production in South Korea and historical climatic data are used to develop a region-specific model for three different regions: Cheolwon, Icheon and Milyang. A rice blast incidence is then predicted a year in advance using long-term memory networks (LSTMs). The predictive performance of the proposed LSTM model is evaluated by varying the input variables (i.e., rice blast disease scores, air temperature, relative humidity and sunshine hours). The most widely cultivated rice varieties are also selected and the prediction results for those varieties are analyzed. Application of the LSTM model to the accumulated rice-blast disease score data confirms successful prediction of rice blast incidence. In all regions, the predictions are most accurate when all four input variables are combined. Rice blast fungus prediction using the proposed LSTM model is variety-based; therefore, this model will be more helpful for rice breeders and rice blast researchers than conventional rice blast prediction models.

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The Magnaporthe oryzae Avirulence Gene AvrPiz-t Encodes a Predicted Secreted Protein That Triggers the Immunity in Rice Mediated by the Blast Resistance Gene Piz-t

Cited by 238 publications

References 59 publications

N-Glycosylation of Effector Proteins by an α-1,3-Mannosyltransferase Is Required for the Rice Blast Fungus to Evade Host Innate Immunity

N-Glycosylation of Effector Proteins by an α-1,3-Mannosyltransferase Is Required for the Rice Blast Fungus to Evade Host Innate Immunity

Translocation ofMagnaporthe oryzaeEffectors into Rice Cells and Their Subsequent Cell-to-Cell Movement

Early Forecasting of Rice Blast Disease Using Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Networks

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