The
 Arabidopsis thaliana
 salt tolerance gene
 SOS1
 encodes a putative Na
 +
 /H
 +
 antiporter

Shi, Huazhong; Ishitani, Manabu; Kim, Cheol-Soo; Zhu, Jian Kang

doi:10.1073/pnas.120170197

Cited by 1,475 publications

(1,129 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…4). It has been shown that SOS1, SOS2, and SOS3 are essential for Na 1 and K 1 homeostasis and that sos mutations render plants more sensitive to high Na 1 and low K 1 in the growth environment (Shi et al, 2000;Zhu, 2002Zhu, , 2003. We observed that in addition to root growth inhibition, sos mutants exhibited a more profound agravitropic response to salt stress compared to wild-type plants (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

Salt Modulates Gravity Signaling Pathway to Regulate Growth Direction of Primary Roots in Arabidopsis

et al. 2007

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Plant root architecture is highly plastic during development and can adapt to many environmental stresses. The proper distribution of roots within the soil under various conditions such as salinity, water deficit, and nutrient deficiency greatly affects plant survival. Salinity profoundly affects the root system architecture of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, despite the inhibitory effects of salinity on root length and the number of roots, very little is known concerning influence of salinity on root growth direction and the underlying mechanisms. Here we show that salt modulates root growth direction by reducing the gravity response. Exposure to salt stress causes rapid degradation of amyloplasts in root columella cells of Arabidopsis. The altered root growth direction in response to salt was found to be correlated with PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2) messenger RNA abundance and expression and localization of the protein. Furthermore, responsiveness to gravity of salt overly sensitive (sos) mutants is substantially reduced, indicating that salt-induced altered gravitropism of root growth is mediated by ion disequilibrium. Mutation of SOS genes also leads to reduced amyloplast degradation in root tip columella cells and the defects in PIN2 gene expression in response to salt stress. These results indicate that the SOS pathway may mediate the decrease of PIN2 messenger RNA in salinity-induced modification of gravitropic response in Arabidopsis roots. Our findings provide new insights into the development of a root system necessary for plant adaptation to high salinity and implicate an important role of the SOS signaling pathway in this process.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

Salt Modulates Gravity Signaling Pathway to Regulate Growth Direction of Primary Roots in Arabidopsis

et al. 2007

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“…A lower Na + accumulation in the root apex may be expected in the light of the predominant expression of SOS1 Na + /H + exchangers in the root apex (Shi et al, 2000); hence, the roots' Na + exclusion ability should be higher in this zone. Indeed, CoroNa Green fluorescence data suggest that, under long-term salinity exposures, root apical cells (and, specifically, cells in the elongation zone) accumulate less sodium compared with those in the mature region of the root (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, using a GFP fusion technique, the preferential expression of the SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE1 (SOS1) Na + /H + exchanger was reported for the epidermal cells of the root tip and xylem/symplast boundary (Shi et al, 2000(Shi et al, , 2002. Yet, the functional analysis of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) sos1 transport mutants has revealed significant differences in root K + retention ability between sos1 and wild-type plants in the mature root epidermis , where no GFP signals were detected (Shi et al, 2000). At the same time, it is the function of the specific transporter/protein that ultimately determines plant adaptive responses to salinity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cell-Type-Specific H⁺-ATPase Activity in Root Tissues Enables K⁺ Retention and Mediates Acclimation of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) to Salinity Stress

et al. 2016

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While the importance of cell type specificity in plant adaptive responses is widely accepted, only a limited number of studies have addressed this issue at the functional level. We have combined electrophysiological, imaging, and biochemical techniques to reveal the physiological mechanisms conferring higher sensitivity of apical root cells to salinity in barley (Hordeum vulgare). We show that salinity application to the root apex arrests root growth in a highly tissue-and treatment-specific manner. Although salinity-induced transient net Na + uptake was about 4-fold higher in the root apex compared with the mature zone, mature root cells accumulated more cytosolic and vacuolar Na + , suggesting that the higher sensitivity of apical cells to salt is not related to either enhanced Na + exclusion or sequestration inside the root. Rather, the above differential sensitivity between the two zones originates from a 10-fold difference in K + efflux between the mature zone and the apical region (much poorer in the root apex) of the root. Major factors contributing to this poor K + retention ability are (1) an intrinsically lower H + -ATPase activity in the root apex, (2) greater saltinduced membrane depolarization, and (3) a higher reactive oxygen species production under NaCl and a larger density of reactive oxygen species-activated cation currents in the apex. Salinity treatment increased (2-to 5-fold) the content of 10 (out of 25 detected) amino acids in the root apex but not in the mature zone and changed the organic acid and sugar contents. The causal link between the observed changes in the root metabolic profile and the regulation of transporter activity is discussed.

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“…One-week-old wild-type and tno1 mutant seedlings were treated with 300 mM NaCl, 40 mM LiCl, 300 mM KCl, or 600 mM mannitol for 5 h. Total RNA was extracted from the seedlings, and expression of SOS1, DREB2A, RD29, TNO1, and SYP61 was analyzed by RT-PCR using gene-specific primers (Table I; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki and Shinozaki, 1993a;Liu et al, 1998;Shi et al, 2000;Zhu et al, 2002).…”

Section: Generation Of Transgenic Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

TNO1 Is Involved in Salt Tolerance and Vacuolar Trafficking in Arabidopsis

Kim

Bassham

2011

Plant Physiology

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The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor SYP41 is involved in vesicle fusion at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and interacts with AtVPS45, SYP61, and VTI12. These proteins are involved in diverse cellular processes, including vacuole biogenesis and stress tolerance. A previously uncharacterized protein, named TNO1 (for TGN-localized SYP41-interacting protein), was identified by coimmunoprecipitation as a SYP41-interacting protein.TNO1 was found to localize to the TGN by immunofluorescence microscopy. A tno1 mutant showed increased sensitivity to high concentrations of NaCl, KCl, and LiCl and also to mannitol-induced osmotic stress. Localization of SYP61, which is involved in the salt stress response, was disrupted in the tno1 mutant. Vacuolar proteins were partially secreted to the apoplast in the tno1 mutant, suggesting that TNO1 is required for efficient protein trafficking to the vacuole. The tno1 mutant had delayed formation of the brefeldin A (BFA) compartment in cotyledons upon application of BFA, suggesting less efficient membrane fusion processes in the mutant. Unlike most TGN proteins, TNO1 does not relocate to the BFA compartment upon BFA treatment. These data demonstrate that TNO1 is involved in vacuolar trafficking and salt tolerance, potentially via roles in vesicle fusion and in maintaining TGN structure or identity.

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The Arabidopsis thaliana salt tolerance gene SOS1 encodes a putative Na ⁺ /H ⁺ antiporter

Cited by 1,475 publications

References 34 publications

Salt Modulates Gravity Signaling Pathway to Regulate Growth Direction of Primary Roots in Arabidopsis

Salt Modulates Gravity Signaling Pathway to Regulate Growth Direction of Primary Roots in Arabidopsis

Cell-Type-Specific H⁺-ATPase Activity in Root Tissues Enables K⁺ Retention and Mediates Acclimation of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) to Salinity Stress

TNO1 Is Involved in Salt Tolerance and Vacuolar Trafficking in Arabidopsis

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The Arabidopsis thaliana salt tolerance gene SOS1 encodes a putative Na + /H + antiporter

Cited by 1,475 publications

References 34 publications

Salt Modulates Gravity Signaling Pathway to Regulate Growth Direction of Primary Roots in Arabidopsis

Salt Modulates Gravity Signaling Pathway to Regulate Growth Direction of Primary Roots in Arabidopsis

Cell-Type-Specific H+-ATPase Activity in Root Tissues Enables K+ Retention and Mediates Acclimation of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) to Salinity Stress

TNO1 Is Involved in Salt Tolerance and Vacuolar Trafficking in Arabidopsis

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The Arabidopsis thaliana salt tolerance gene SOS1 encodes a putative Na ⁺ /H ⁺ antiporter

Cell-Type-Specific H⁺-ATPase Activity in Root Tissues Enables K⁺ Retention and Mediates Acclimation of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) to Salinity Stress