The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis and Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

Naftolin, Frederick; Khafaga, Ashraf; Nachtigall, Margaret J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14358-9_1

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In turn, gonadotropins stimulate ovarian follicle maturation with the subsequent gradual increase of circulating gonadal sex steroids. Estradiol induces proliferative changes of the endometrium, followed by secretory changes induced by progesterone, thus leading to menstruation at the time of hormonal withdrawal [ 20 ].…”

Section: Hormonal Pattern Of Menstrual Cyclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perimenstrual Asthma in Adolescents: A Shared Condition in Pediatric and Gynecological Endocrinology

et al. 2022

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Asthma is a frequent medical condition in adolescence. The worsening of the most common symptoms perimenstrually is defined as perimenstrual asthma (PMA). The cause of PMA remains unclear, but a role for hormonal milieu is plausible. Data on PMA in adolescents are limited, and its management is not fully established. We aimed to discuss the PMA phenomenon in young females from pathophysiology to preventive strategies, focusing on the relationship with the hormonal pattern. The fluctuation of estrogens at ovulation and before menstruation and the progesterone secretion during the luteal phase and its subsequent withdrawal seem to be the culprits, because the deterioration of asthma is cyclical during the luteal phase and/or during the first days of the menstrual cycle. Conventional asthma therapies are not always effective for PMA. Preventive strategies may include innovative hormonal contraception. Even a possible beneficial effect of other hormonal treatments, including estrogens, progestogens, and androgens, as well as leukotriene receptor antagonists and explorative approach using microbial-directed therapy, is considered. The underlying mechanisms, through which sex-hormone fluctuations influence asthma symptoms, represent a challenge in the clinical management of such a distressing condition. Further studies focused on young females are mandatory to promote adolescent health.

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Section: Hormonal Pattern Of Menstrual Cyclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If conception does not take place, luteolysis occurs with consequent marked decline in both sex hormones, a trigger for menstruation. While the duration of luteal phase is notably constant (12–14 days), the length of follicular phase can vary according to different follicle maturation time [ 20 ].…”

Section: Hormonal Pattern Of Menstrual Cyclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perimenstrual Asthma in Adolescents: A Shared Condition in Pediatric and Gynecological Endocrinology

et al. 2022

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“…Up to 40% of asthmatic women of childbearing age have PMA [7]. Hormonal therapies, leukotriene receptor antagonists, and microbially-targeted therapies have all been recommended as potential remedies for the condition [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Adolescent PMA is poorly understood, and there is no clear protocol for treating the condition.…”

Section: …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Introduction:-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors and Prevalence of Catamenial Asthma (Perimenstrual Asthma, Pma): A Cross-Sectional Study

Sabban¹,

Abousada²,

Alotaibi³

et al. 2022

IJAR

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Objective: To determine the risk factors and prevalence of catamenial asthma among women globally. Methods:This research employed a cross-sectional study design to gather and analyze the relevant data that leads to its findings. Wang and Cheng describe a cross-sectional study as an observational study that analyzes data from a population at a single point in time. Cross-sectional studies are helpful when establishing preliminary evidence while planning for a more advanced study in the future. Cross-sectional research requires researchers to record information, but not manipulate variables, as the case in this research study. Results:Study included 437 female participants. They had their menarche at different ages. They had their first menstrual period between the age of 12-14 years (n= 187, 42.8%) and between the age of 10-12 years (n= 176, 40.3%). It is noticed from the table that half of study participants experience worsening of asthma symptoms during menstruation (n= 219, 51.1%). More than half of study participants take painkillers medications for menstrual pain (n= 266, 60.9%). The last premenstrual asthma experience was before more than 1 year among 247 participants (56.5%) while it was before less than 1 year among 190 participants (43.5%). Most of study participants encountered it 2 times (n= 142, 32.5%) or 3-4 times (n= 140, 32%). The most frequent approach was via doctors advice (n= 205, 46.9%) followed by using over the counter drugs (n= 176, 40.3%). On the other hand, 20 participants just let it pass without any management (4.6%) and 36 participants attended at the emergency department (8.2%). Conclusion: Study results showed that most participants had their menarche at the age of 12-14 years. and more than one third of them encounter symptoms of catamenial asthma. Most of participants depend on doctors advice regarding the management with some of them attend at the emergency department to relieve their symptoms. More than half of study participants dont know how to manage their symptoms and avoid risks related to exposure to catamenial asthma.

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The Menstrual Disturbances in Endocrine Disorders: A Narrative Review

Naz

Dovom

Tehrani

2020

Int J Endocrinol Metab

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Context: Menstrual cycle is considered the fifth vital sign among women. This study aimed to summarize the menstrual disturbances that were observed in different endocrine disorders. Evidence Acquisition: In this narrative review, relevant studies (up to December 2019) were searched based on the MeSH keywords diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, Cushing’s syndrome, thyroid dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, menstrual cycle, uterine bleeding, and menstruation. Databases used for searching articles included Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of science for observational, experimental, and review studies. The findings discuss menstrual disturbances in endocrine disorders. Results: Endocrine disorders trigger the onset of menstrual disturbance across the reproductive lifespan of women. Endocrine glands (pituitary, pineal, thyroid, pancreases, adrenal, and ovaries) have a functional role in endocrine regulation of the menstrual cycle. According to available evidence, oligomenorrhea (cycle longer than 35 days) is the most common menstrual disturbance among endocrine disorders (thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, Cushing’s syndrome, and diabetes), most of which impact the amount of menstrual bleeding. Complex endocrine pathways play an essential role in a women’s menstrual calendar. Conclusions: The menstrual cycle length and amount of bleeding are indicative of endocrine disorders. Further studies are needed to identify the unknowns about the association between endocrine disorders and the menstrual cycle.

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The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis and Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

Cited by 3 publications

References 23 publications

Perimenstrual Asthma in Adolescents: A Shared Condition in Pediatric and Gynecological Endocrinology

Perimenstrual Asthma in Adolescents: A Shared Condition in Pediatric and Gynecological Endocrinology

Risk Factors and Prevalence of Catamenial Asthma (Perimenstrual Asthma, Pma): A Cross-Sectional Study

The Menstrual Disturbances in Endocrine Disorders: A Narrative Review

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