The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Food Intake and Obesity: The Role of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone

Mastorakos, George; Zapanti, Evangelia

doi:10.1080/10284150400020516

Cited by 106 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…In addition to its role in controlling the activity of the pituitary adrenal axis, CRH controls the food intake too. Within the brain, CRH with its two receptor types, CRH type 1 (CRH1-R) and CRH type 2α (CRH2α-R), its binding protein, and its closely related peptide urocortin, forms a network of neuronal pathways that is capable of interacting with other circuitries controlling the food intake (Mastorakos and Zapanti 2004). It has been shown that CRH mediates the anorexigenic eff ect of α-MSH in fi sh (Matsuda et al 2008) and ELABELA in the adult mouse (Santoso et al 2015).…”

Section: Th E Hypothalamus Role In the Food Intake Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A defect in the synthesis and release of the CRH has been implicated in the development of the obesity in laboratory animals (Mastorakos and Zapanti 2004). Moore et al (2015) have reported a benefi cial eff ect of CRH1-R antagonism in the attenuation of the stress-induced consumption of palatable diets in female rhesus monkeys.…”

Section: Th E Hypothalamus Role In the Food Intake Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Central and peripheral control of food intake

Abdalla

2017

Endocrine Regulations

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Th e maintenance of the body weight at a stable level is a major determinant in keeping the higher animals and mammals survive. Th e body weight depends on the balance between the energy intake and energy expenditure. Increased food intake over the energy expenditure of prolonged time period results in an obesity. Th e obesity has become an important worldwide health problem, even at low levels. Th e obesity has an evil eff ect on the health and is associated with a shorter life expectancy. A complex of central and peripheral physiological signals is involved in the control of the food intake. Centrally, the food intake is controlled by the hypothalamus, the brainstem, and endocannabinoids and peripherally by the satiety and adiposity signals. Comprehension of the signals that control food intake and energy balance may open a new therapeutic approaches directed against the obesity and its associated complications, as is the insulin resistance and others. In conclusion, the present review summarizes the current knowledge about the complex system of the peripheral and central regulatory mechanisms of food intake and their potential therapeutic implications in the treatment of obesity. Th e maintenance of the body weight at a stable level is a major determinant in keeping the higher animals and mammals survive (Jequier and Tappy 1999). As a compensatory mechanism, hunger increases and energy expenditure decreases the weight loss. However, opposite responses are triggered when body weight increases. Body weight can change only when energy intake is not equal to energy expenditure over a given period of time (Bray et al. 2012). A complex physiological control system is involved in the maintenance of the energy balance. Th is system includes aff erent signals from the periphery about the state of the energy stores and eff erent signals that affect the energy intake and expenditure (Sandoval et al. 2008). Th is regulatory system is formed by multiple interactions between the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), adipose tissue, and the central nervous system (CNS). It is infl uenced by behavioral, sensorial, autonomic, nutritional, and endocrine mechanisms (Boguszewski et al. 2010). Satiety and adiposity signalsTh e food intake control includes a short-term regulation, which determines the beginning and the end of a meal (hunger and satiation) and the interval between the meals (satiety) and a long-term regulation with factors (signals of adiposity), which help to regulate the body energy depots (Cummings and Overduin 2007).Th e satiation means a suppression of the hunger and termination of the food intake aft er ingestion of Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/11/18 9:54 AM

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Section: Th E Hypothalamus Role In the Food Intake Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Th E Hypothalamus Role In the Food Intake Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Central and peripheral control of food intake

Abdalla

2017

Endocrine Regulations

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“…In addition, the stimulation of the arcuate nucleus secretion of the orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) concomitantly enhances the CRH release, probably in order to counter-regulate its own actions, and also inhibits the locus coeruleus/norepinephrine sympathetic system and activates the parasympathetic system, in order to decrease thermogenesis and enhance the digestion and storage of nutrients. Stress-induced suppression of NPY secretion, which abates its central orexigenic and anxiolytic actions, is also likely to be involved in the anorectic phase during acute stress [87] .…”

Section: The Different Eating Behaviours Of the Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Eating Disorders

et al. 2008

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The etiopathogenesis of eating disorders (ED) is complex and poorly understood. Biological, psychological and environmental factors have all been considered to be involved in the onset and the persistence of these syndromes, often with conflicting results. The recent literature focused on the possible role of hormonal pathways, in particular the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, as a relevant factor capable of influencing the onset and the course of ED. Other studies have suggested that the onset of ED is often preceded by severe life events, and that chronic stress is associated with the persistence of these disorders. As the biological response to stress is the activation of the HPA axis, the available literature considering the relationships between stress, HPA axis functioning and anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder is reviewed by the present article.

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“…Nixon et al, 2002). It is also interesting to note the involvement of the HPA axis and similar signalling proteins in appetite regulation and control of body composition at sites outwith the hair follicle (Mastorakos and Zapanti, 2004).…”

Section: Biology Of Pigment Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamental hair follicle biology and fine fibre production in animals

Galbraith

2010

Animal

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Hair 'fine' fibre is an important commercial product of farmed and certain wild animal species. The fibre is produced in follicles embedded in skin. These have properties in common with other tissues of the integument and have importance in determining yield and quality of fibre. Means of understanding and improving these characteristics are informed by knowledge of integumental and follicle biology. This paper reviews contemporary information that identifies the major fibre-producing species and their production characteristic. It surveys knowledge describing fundamental biology of the integument and considers information derived for the hair follicle from studies on a number of species including genetically modified mice. It identifies the composition of the follicle and describes components and interrelationships between epidermal hair-fibre producing epidermis and fibroblastand connective tissue-containing dermis. The structure of different primary and secondary follicle types, and associated structures, are described. Focus is given to the alterations in anatomy and in behaviour from active to inactive state, which occurs during the hair follicle cycle. Information is provided on the anatomical substructures (hair medulla, cortex, cuticles and supporting sheaths and dermal papilla), cellular and extracellular composition, and adhesion and chemical signalling systems, which regulate development from the early embryo to post-natal state and subsequent cycling. Such signalling involves the dermis and its specialist fibroblasts, which secrete signalling molecules, which along with those from local epidermis and systemic sources, largely determine structure and function of epidermal cells. Such chemical signalling typically includes endocrine-, paracrine-, autocrine-and juxtacrine-acting molecules and interactions with their receptors located on cell membranes or intracellularly with transduction of message mediated by transcription factors at gene level. Important hormones and growth factors and inhibitors regulating morphogenic and/or mitogenic activity are identified. These mediate mechanisms associated with presence or absence in skin and development of patterning for primary or secondary follicles. Reference is made to deposition of individual keratins and keratin-associated proteins in follicle sub-structures and to fibre properties such as length, diameter, medullation, crimp and lustre. Pre-and post-natal regulation of pigmentation by melanocytes is reviewed. Brief attention is given to genomic and non-genomic variation and impact on the phenotypes expressed and the role of regulatory gene products as potential molecular markers for selection of superior animals. The importance of nutrients in providing substrates for follicular structures and enzymes and in molecules facilitating gene expression is also considered.

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The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Food Intake and Obesity: The Role of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone

Cited by 106 publications

References 79 publications

Central and peripheral control of food intake

Central and peripheral control of food intake

Stress, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Eating Disorders

Fundamental hair follicle biology and fine fibre production in animals

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