The hypersensitive response: A case of hold or fold?

Richael, Craig; Gilchrist, David G.

doi:10.1006/pmpp.1999.0209

Cited by 78 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Moreover, an impressive body of evidence obtained from studies on plant-pathogen interactions, particularly those derived from genetic studies on Arabidopsis, has provided substantial insight into the PCD mechanism in plant cells [3][4][5][6][7]. One of the most commonly observed PCD forms triggered by pathogen infection is the so-called hypersensitive response (HR), which involves the formation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and nitric oxide, and largely relies on the salicylic acid signaling pathway [3,8,9]. However, little is known about the biochemical mechanism of PCD in plant cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of sphingoid bases in mediating reactive oxygen intermediate production and programmed cell death in Arabidopsis

et al. 2007

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Sphingolipids have been suggested to act as second messengers for an array of cellular signaling activities in plant cells, including stress responses and programmed cell death (PCD). However, the mechanisms underpinning these processes are not well understood. Here, we report that an Arabidopsis mutant, fumonisin B1 resistant11-1 (fbr11-1), which fails to generate reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs), is incapable of initiating PCD when the mutant is challenged by fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ), a specific inhibitor of ceramide synthase. Molecular analysis indicated that FBR11 encodes a long-chain base1 (LCB1) subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), which catalyzes the first rate-limiting step of de novo sphingolipid synthesis. Mass spectrometric analysis of the sphingolipid concentrations revealed that whereas the fbr11-1 mutation did not affect basal levels of sphingoid bases, the mutant showed attenuated formation of sphingoid bases in response to FB 1 . By a direct feeding experiment, we show that the free sphingoid bases dihydrosphingosine, phytosphingosine and sphingosine efficiently induce ROI generation followed by cell death. Conversely, ROI generation and cell death induced by dihydrosphingosine were specifically blocked by its phosphorylated form dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate in a dosedependent manner, suggesting that the maintenance of homeostasis between a free sphingoid base and its phosphorylated derivative is critical to determining the cell fate. Because alterations of the sphingolipid level occur prior to the ROI production, we propose that the free sphingoid bases are involved in the control of PCD in Arabidopsis, presumably through the regulation of the ROI level upon receiving different developmental or environmental cues.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of sphingoid bases in mediating reactive oxygen intermediate production and programmed cell death in Arabidopsis

et al. 2007

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“…However, a determinative role of the HR in restricting pathogen growth and spread has not been conclusively demonstrated (Richael and Gilchrist, 1999). An Arabidopsis mutant has been isolated in which effective pathogen resistance is expressed in the absence of HR cell death (Yu et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fumonisin B1–Induced Cell Death in Arabidopsis Protoplasts Requires Jasmonate-, Ethylene-, and Salicylate-Dependent Signaling Pathways

et al. 2000

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We have established an Arabidopsis protoplast model system to study plant cell death signaling. The fungal toxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) induces apoptosis-like programmed cell death (PCD) in wild-type protoplasts. FB1, however, only marginally affects the viability of protoplasts isolated from transgenic NahG plants, in which salicylic acid (SA) is metabolically degraded; from pad4-1 mutant plants, in which an SA amplification mechanism is thought to be impaired; or from jar1-1 or etr1-1 mutant plants, which are insensitive to jasmonate (JA) or ethylene (ET), respectively. FB1 susceptibility of wild-type protoplasts decreases in the dark, as does the cellular content of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, a light-inducible enzyme involved in SA biosynthesis. Interestingly, however, FB1-induced PCD does not require the SA signal transmitter NPR1, given that npr1-1 protoplasts display wild-type FB1 susceptibility. Arabidopsis cpr1-1 , cpr6-1 , and acd2-2 protoplasts, in which the SA signaling pathway is constitutively activated, exhibit increased susceptibility to FB1. The cpr6-1 and acd2-2 mutants also constitutively express the JA and ET signaling pathways, but only the acd2-2 protoplasts undergo PCD in the absence of FB1. These results demonstrate that FB1 killing of Arabidopsis is light dependent and requires SA-, JA-, and ET-mediated signaling pathways as well as one or more unidentified factors activated by FB1 and the acd2-2 mutation. INTRODUCTIONPlant cell death is often the consequence of plant-pathogen interactions in both compatible and incompatible relationships (Greenberg, 1997). A notable example is localized cell collapse, called the hypersensitive response (HR), which is induced rapidly in a resistant plant at the infection site of an avirulent pathogen (Staskawicz et al., 1995; Bent, 1996; Dangl et al., 1996; Hammond-Kosack and Jones, 1996). Hypersensitive cell death, which is distinct from necrosis caused by metabolic toxins or severe trauma, is genetically programmed (programmed cell death [PCD]) and requires active host cell metabolism Morel and Dangl, 1997;Pennell and Lamb, 1997; Gilchrist, 1998; Gray and Johal, 1998; Heath, 1998;Richberg et al., 1998). In fact, plant cells undergoing the HR display several molecular and morphological markers characteristic of animal apoptosis (a specialized form of PCD), including systematic DNA degradation and formation of apoptotic-like bodies, which suggests that the terminal steps in PCD are well conserved in animals and plants (Levine et al., 1996;Ryerson and Heath, 1996; Wang et al., 1996). It remains to be determined, however, whether the signal transduction mechanisms leading to the onset of PCD are also equally conserved between the two kingdoms.Salicylic acid (SA) is the best-characterized signaling molecule in plant defense responses (Ryals et al., 1996; Delaney, 1997; Durner et al., 1997). Application of exogenous SA or SA analogs activates the expression of a variety of pathogenesis-related ( PR ) genes and enhances resistance to a variety of pathogens (W...

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“…The HR is characterized by a rapid loss of membrane integrity in the infected host cells and the accumulation of brown phenolic oxidation products (Goodman and Novacky 1994;Hammerschmidt and Nicholson 1999;Heath, 2000a). Although the HR may be an effective defence against biotrophic pathogens, which depend on the living host cells for their survival (Heath 1997b, Mansfield et al, 1997Richael and Gilchrist 1999), it is likely that this host response is only a single part of the overall defensive strategy of the plant (Hammerschmidt and Nicholson 1999). HR is now almost universally accepted as a form of programmed cell death (PCD) (Ryerson and Heath 1996;De Wit 1997;Heath 1999Heath , 2000a and differs from developmental PCD in its consistent association with induction of local and systemic resistance (Costet et al, 1999;Alvarez, 2000;Heath, 2000a).…”

Section: Induced Defencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coffee resistance to the main diseases: leaf rust and coffee berry disease

Silva

Várzea

Guerra‐Guimarães

et al. 2006

Braz. J. Plant Physiol.

187

147

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Considerable success has been obtained in the use of classical breeding to control economically important plant diseases, such as the coffee leaf rust and the coffee berry disease (CBD). There is a strong consensus that growing genetically resistant varieties is the most appropriate cost effective means of managing plant diseases and is one of the key components of crop improvement. It has also been recognized that a better knowledge of both, the pathogens and the plant defence mechanisms will allow the development of novel approaches to enhance the durability of resistance. After a brief description of concepts in the field of plant disease resistance, we attempt to give a view of the research progress on coffee leaf rust and CBD concerned with the pathogens infection and variability, coffee breeding for resistance and coffee resistance mechanisms. Key words: Coffea, Colletotrichum kahawae, Hemileia vastatrix, coffee breeding, resistance.Resistência do cafeeiro para suas principais doenças: ferrugem alaranjada das folhas e antracnose dos frutos: Sucesso considerável tem sido obtido no uso do melhoramento clássico para o controle de doenças de plantas economicamente importantes, tais como a ferrugem alaranjada das folhas e a antracnose dos frutos do cafeeiro (CBD). Há um grande consenso de que o uso de plantas geneticamente resistentes é o meio mais apropriado e eficaz em termos de custos do controle das doenças das plantas, sendo também um dos elementos chave do melhoramento da produção agrícola. Tem sido também reconhecido que um melhor conhecimento do agente patogênico e dos mecanismos de defesa das plantas permitirá o desenvolvimento de novas abordagens no sentido de aumentar a durabilidade da resistência. Após uma breve descrição de conceitos na área da resistência das plantas às doenças, nesta revisão tentou-se dar uma idéia do progresso na investigação da ferrugem alaranjada do cafeeiro e do CBD relativamente ao processo de infecção e variabilidade dos agentes patogênicos, melhoramento do cafeeiro para a resistência e mecanismos de resistência do cafeeiro. Palavras-chave: Coffea, Colletotrichum kahawae, Hemileia vastatrix, melhoramento do cafeeiro, resistência.

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The hypersensitive response: A case of hold or fold?

Cited by 78 publications

References 59 publications

Involvement of sphingoid bases in mediating reactive oxygen intermediate production and programmed cell death in Arabidopsis

Involvement of sphingoid bases in mediating reactive oxygen intermediate production and programmed cell death in Arabidopsis

Fumonisin B1–Induced Cell Death in Arabidopsis Protoplasts Requires Jasmonate-, Ethylene-, and Salicylate-Dependent Signaling Pathways

Coffee resistance to the main diseases: leaf rust and coffee berry disease

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