THE large commercial losses caused by condemnation of spoiled consignments, -L complaints from consumers about the quality of outwardly sound material, and the identification of a &dquo; pasteurized &dquo; can of ham as the cause of an outbreak of salmonella food poisoning (Wildman, Nicol & Tee, 1951) have lately aroused considerable interest in Britain in the bacteriology of this product. Consequently, we have tried in this paper to review results obtained, in Britain, from the bacteriological examination of samples representing practically all the major producing countries outside America. Three separate, and rather different, investigations are here reported:(i) A routine examination of good commercial consignments, made to check general suitability for consumption, with particular emphasis on detection of faecal pollution and potential pathogens.(ii) A general investigation, on both sound and spoiled material, of the safety of such ham for human consumption, including a careful search for all potentially pathogenic types of bacteria of intestinal significance.(iii) A more thorough survey on a correspondingly smaller number of samples, from a chiefly ecological view-point, of the numbers and species of micro-organisms present in spoiled material. These groups of observations will be described separately, but they can best be understood if related to the normal flora of hams before canning which we shall first consider briefly.