The Hydrophobisation of Activated Carbon Surfaces by Organic Functional Groups

Budarin, Vitaliy L.; Clark, James H.; Mikhalovsky, Sergey V.; Gorlova, Alina O.; Boldyreva, N. A.; Yatsimirsky, Vitaly K.

doi:10.1260/0263617001493279

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…10 Thus, mesoporous activated carbons can be modified either by (a) direct treatment with a silane, such as vinyltriethoxysilane, or (b) initial treatment with the vinylsilane leading on treatment to polymerization of the vinyl groups. 10 It is the micelle-templated silicas (MTS) that have attracted most of our attention in recent years. They offer high surface areas (often to >1000 m 2 g -1 , putting them at the top of the surface area league alongside some carbons) and controllable pore sizes (from ∼2-5 nm or larger) that can be important in controlling molecular diffusion and may affect product selectivity.…”

Section: Mesoporous Solidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid Acids for Green Chemistry

2002

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Solid acids and especially those based on micelle-templated silicas and other mesoporous high surface area support materials are beginning to play a significant role in the greening of fine and speciality chemicals manufacturing processes. A wide range of important organic reactions can be efficiently catalyzed by these materials, which can be designed to provide different types of acidity as well as high degrees of reaction selectivity. The solid acids generally have high turnover numbers and can be easily separated from the organic components. The combination of this chemistry with innovative reaction engineering offers exciting opportunities for innovative green chemical manufacturing in the future.

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Section: Mesoporous Solidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid Acids for Green Chemistry

2002

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“…Chemical methods such as coating of organosilicon or fluorination by fluorocarbon (C 2 F 4 or C 2 F 6 ) either by plasma surface treatments [14], or through chemical reaction in liquid or gas phase in the case of organosilicon compounds [15,16], lead to the hydrophobisation of the surface, but cause a dramatic decrease in the pore volumes. Budarin et al [17] and Cosnier et al [18] improved hydrophobisation of activated carbon by reaction of vinyltrimethoxysilane (vtmos) in liquid phase, but large amounts of vtmos were employed and pore volumes of modified carbons decreased considerably, suggesting that this method is unsuitable for modification of carbon for EDLC application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced surface hydrophobisation for improved performance of carbon aerogel electrochemical capacitor

Fang

Binder

2007

Electrochimica Acta

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“…In the first place halogenation and subsequent nucleophilic substitution of halogen is a classical organic method, characterized by high yields for the introduction into the molecule of various groups containing N, S, O and other heteroatoms [1][2][3]. Secondly, the study of the results of halogenation under various conditions (amount of halogen added, evolution of hydrogen halides, etc.)…”

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“…In the third region (approximately after 200 min) the kinetic curve corresponds to desorption of Cl-containing groups (m des ) in a flow of argon under isothermal conditions. The data for these regions correspond to stages of experimental methods of chlorination which allow the production of active precursors for further syntheses [2,3,7].…”

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“…An analysis of the products of desorption (by the methods described above) established that the final product of desorption of added chlorine is HCl, while molecular chorine is only present in trace amounts in the desorption products. (1) (2) The region of the curves (Fig. 2) corresponding to the thermodesorption of the added chlorine, excluding the small initial section, is described by an equation of the first order:…”

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Kinetics of the gas-phase chlorination of activated carbon with carbon tetrachloride

et al. 2011

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The chlorination of activated charcoals KAU and SCN with CCl 4 vapor in the temperature range 300-600°C and also the thermal stability of the added chlorine has been studied. It is shown that chlorination with CCl 4 vapor led to the addition of up to 22 mass % (6.2 mmol/g) of chlorine to the surface layer of the carbon. The added chlorine is desorbed from the surface with formation of HCl, while at temperatures above 500°C desorption of chlorine goes practically to completion. The effective rate constants and the energies of activation of the processes of chlorination and desorption have been found.Investigation of the halogenation of carbon materials (CM) has prospects in connection with several problems. In the first place halogenation and subsequent nucleophilic substitution of halogen is a classical organic method, characterized by high yields for the introduction into the molecule of various groups containing N, S, O and other heteroatoms [1][2][3]. Secondly, the study of the results of halogenation under various conditions (amount of halogen added, evolution of hydrogen halides, etc.) as a result of a sufficiently selective process permits the establishment of the concentration of active centers in the surface, and thus obtains valuable information about the structure and characteristics of the surface layers of various CM. Most important is the determination of the temperature range in which the maximum amount of halogen is added to the surface of the CM.Halogenation of CM, and chlorination in particular, has attracted sufficient study [4][5][6]. However the kinetics of chlorination, the influence of temperature, reaction time, and the nature of the chlorinating agent on the concentration and properties of the surface chlorine have been insufficiently studied.In the present work the kinetics of the chlorination of activated carbon (AC) in CCl 4 vapor over a wide temperature range and the thermochemical properties of the chemisorbed chlorine have been studied. This method was chosen because in practice it does not lead to the parallel oxidation of the surface of the activated carbon.For this study two activated carbons were used -KAU (natural) and SCN (synthetic) with specific surfaces of 1300 and 1100 m 2 /g and pore volumes of 0.45 and 0.41cm 3 /g respectively. Chlorination was carried out both non-isothermally and isothermally with gravimetric control of the path of the reaction with rate of flow of the argon carrier gas of 50 mL/min. The concentration of CCl 4 in thee flow was 17.4 torr (2.03·10 -3 mol/L) and the argon was saturated with CCl 4 vapor at 20°C. The weight of aliquots of AC was 50 mg. 2640040-5760/11/4704-0264

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The Hydrophobisation of Activated Carbon Surfaces by Organic Functional Groups

Cited by 14 publications

References 11 publications

Solid Acids for Green Chemistry

Solid Acids for Green Chemistry

Enhanced surface hydrophobisation for improved performance of carbon aerogel electrochemical capacitor

Kinetics of the gas-phase chlorination of activated carbon with carbon tetrachloride

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