The Hybrid II assay: a sensitive and specific real-time hybridization assay for the diagnosis of<i>Theileria parva</i>infection in Cape buffalo (<i>Syncerus caffer</i>) and cattle

Pienaar, Ronel; Potgieter, F.T.; Latif, Abdalla A.; Thekisoe, Oriel; Mans, Ben J.

doi:10.1017/s0031182011001454

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…T. sp. (buffalo), a parasite with a wide distribution in eastern and southern Africa has previously been detected at a high frequency in buffalo populations ( Conrad et al., 1987; Allsopp et al., 1993 ; Pienaar et al., 2011a, b; Pienaar et al., 2014; Mans et al., 2015 ), and less frequently, also in cattle ( Pienaar et al., 2011b; Githaka et al., 2014 ). However detection in cattle has previously been based only on PCR data and not parasite isolation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A further variant T. sp. (bougasvlei ) also appears to be present in South African buffalo ( Zweygarth et al., 2009; Pienaar et al., 2011a; Mans et al., 2015 ), but has not yet been detected in East Africa. Additionally, use of Theileria cytochrome Oxidase III as a marker has also demonstrated that the two parasites frequently occur as co-infections in buffalo ( Chaisi et al., 2013 ), although there is a high degree of inter-species variability in this sequence, making interpretation of data from some animals difficult.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In South Africa a real time diagnostic test based on amplification of the 18s gene has been developed. The high degree of sequence similarity of the 18s rRNA gene of T. parva and T. sp (buffalo) can occasionally lead to mis-diagnosis of T. parva ( Sibeko et al., 2008; Pienaar et al., 2011a ). In the current study, the demonstration that PCR assays for p104 and p67 distinguish the two species and that the Tp6, Tp7 and Tp8 gene orthologues contain a number of nucleotide substitutions that were unique to T. sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The African buffalo parasite Theileria. sp. (buffalo) can infect and immortalize cattle leukocytes and encodes divergent orthologues of Theileria parva antigen genes

Bishop

Hemmink

Morrison

et al. 2015

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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African Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is the wildlife reservoir of multiple species within the apicomplexan protozoan genus Theileria, including Theileria parva which causes East coast fever in cattle. A parasite, which has not yet been formally named, known as Theileria sp. (buffalo) has been recognized as a potentially distinct species based on rDNA sequence, since 1993. We demonstrate using reverse line blot (RLB) and sequencing of 18S rDNA genes, that in an area where buffalo and cattle co-graze and there is a heavy tick challenge, T. sp. (buffalo) can frequently be isolated in culture from cattle leukocytes. We also show that T. sp. (buffalo), which is genetically very closely related to T. parva, according to 18s rDNA sequence, has a conserved orthologue of the polymorphic immunodominant molecule (PIM) that forms the basis of the diagnostic ELISA used for T. parva serological detection. Closely related orthologues of several CD8 T cell target antigen genes are also shared with T. parva. By contrast, orthologues of the T. parva p104 and the p67 sporozoite surface antigens could not be amplified by PCR from T. sp. (buffalo), using conserved primers designed from the corresponding T. parva sequences. Collectively the data re-emphasise doubts regarding the value of rDNA sequence data alone for defining apicomplexan species in the absence of additional data. ‘Deep 454 pyrosequencing’ of DNA from two Theileria sporozoite stabilates prepared from Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks fed on buffalo failed to detect T. sp. (buffalo). This strongly suggests that R. appendiculatus may not be a vector for T. sp. (buffalo). Collectively, the data provides further evidence that T. sp. (buffalo). is a distinct species from T. parva.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The African buffalo parasite Theileria. sp. (buffalo) can infect and immortalize cattle leukocytes and encodes divergent orthologues of Theileria parva antigen genes

Bishop

Hemmink

Morrison

et al. 2015

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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“…(buffalo)-like parasites, since the primers for this assay also amplify the latter parasite template (Pienaar et al., 2011a). Design of more specific primers and stringent conditions alleviated this suppression problem, at the cost of being slightly less sensitive in regard to analytical sensitivity, but with increased overall performance for field samples (Pienaar et al., 2011b). Other assays that may also be affected by sensitivity suppression include the cox III assay that uses universal primers and may be compounded by the implementation of a nested PCR strategy (Chaisi et al., 2013b).…”

Section: Sensitivity Of Molecular Assays Carrier State and Parasitaementioning

confidence: 99%

A review of Theileria diagnostics and epidemiology

Mans

Pienaar

Latif

2015

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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224

219

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HighlightsSerological and molecular assays exist for most economic important Theileria species.Molecular assays are constantly being improved with regard to sensitivity and specificity.The concept of what constitute a Theileria species impacts on accurate diagnostics.Analytical specificity of molecular assays are >800 000 parasites/L blood.Parasitemia ranges may determine practical limits of detection.

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“…(buffalo), and Theileria sp. (bougasvlei) might be a useful technique for the differential diagnosis of T. parva in African buffaloes (Pienaar et al, 2011). Theileria sp.…”

Section: T Parva: Cattle Vs Buffaloesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution and genetic diversity of Theileria

Sivakumar

Hayashida

Sugimoto

et al. 2014

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

183

165

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Theileria parasites infect a wide range of domestic and wild ruminants worldwide, causing diseases with varying degrees of severity. A broad classification, based on the parasite's ability to transform the leukocytes of host animals, divides Theileria into two groups, consisting of transforming and non-transforming species. The evolution of transforming Theileria has been accompanied by drastic changes in its genetic makeup, such as acquisition or expansion of gene families, which are thought to play critical roles in the transformation of host cells. Genetic variation among Theileria parasites is sometimes linked with host specificity and virulence in the parasites. Immunity against Theileria parasites primarily involves cell-mediated immune responses in the host. Immunodominance and major histocompatibility complex class I phenotype-specificity result in a host immunity that is tightly focused and strain-specific. Immune escape in Theileria is facilitated by genetic diversity in its antigenic determinants, which potentially results in a loss of T cell receptor recognition in its host. In the recent past, several reviews have focused on genetic diversity in the transforming species, Theileriaparva and Theileriaannulata. In contrast, genetic diversity in Theileriaorientalis, a benign non-transforming parasite, which occasionally causes disease outbreaks in cattle, has not been extensively examined. In this review, therefore, we provide an outline of the evolution of Theileria, which includes T. orientalis, and discuss the possible mechanisms generating genetic diversity among parasite populations. Additionally, we discuss the potential implications of a genetically diverse parasite population in the context of Theileria vaccine development.

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The Hybrid II assay: a sensitive and specific real-time hybridization assay for the diagnosis ofTheileria parvainfection in Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and cattle

Cited by 16 publications

References 22 publications

The African buffalo parasite Theileria. sp. (buffalo) can infect and immortalize cattle leukocytes and encodes divergent orthologues of Theileria parva antigen genes

The African buffalo parasite Theileria. sp. (buffalo) can infect and immortalize cattle leukocytes and encodes divergent orthologues of Theileria parva antigen genes

A review of Theileria diagnostics and epidemiology

Evolution and genetic diversity of Theileria

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