The Human Pharmacology of Nicotine

Benowitz, Neal L.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7743-0_1

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 131 publications

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“…The peripheral effects of smoking/nicotine are largely stimulatory (e.g., increased heart rate, most noticeable for the initial cigarette of the day; Benowitz 1987). Indeed, a large segment of smokers report that increased mental alertness produced by smoking/nicotine is an important aspect of their smoking motivation.…”

Section: The "Nicotine Paradox"mentioning

confidence: 98%

The role of nicotine in tobacco use

1992

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The 1988 US Surgeon General's Report titled "Nicotine Addiction", is cited frequently in the literature as having established the "fact" that nicotine derived from cigarette smoke is addictive in the same sense as "classic" addicting drugs such as heroin and cocaine. This manuscripts critically evaluates key research findings used in support of this claim and identifies shortcomings in the data that seriously question the logic of labeling nicotine as "addictive". In addition, the manuscript argues that the role of nicotine in tobacco use is not like the role of cocaine in coca leaf use as argued by the 1988 Surgeon General's Report, but is, in fact, more like the role of caffeine in coffee drinking as concluded in the 1964 US Surgeon General's Report.

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Section: The "Nicotine Paradox"mentioning

confidence: 98%

The role of nicotine in tobacco use

1992

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“…Rather, blood levels of nicotine fluctuate widely during the day (Benowitz, Kuyt, & Jacob, 1982). Each puff of smoke delivers a bolus of nicotine, but nicotine's short half-life (10-min distributional and 2-h elimination half-lives) means that nicotine levels drop precipitously once the smoker finishes the cigarette (Benowitz, 1986). Because the average (pack-a-day) smoker repeats the smoking cycle 20 or more times per day, blood nicotine levels rise and fall repeatedly throughout the day.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Nicotine, cotinine, withdrawal, and craving patterns during smoking and nicotine nasal spray use: Results from a pilot study with African American men

Mabry

Tooze

Moser

et al. 2007

CNTR

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Nicotine intake via smoking is highly variable. Individualized dosing of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) may improve product efficacy, but a better understanding of the within-day and within-subject relationships between smoking, NRT use, nicotine and cotinine concentrations in blood, and cravings and withdrawal symptoms is needed to inform dosing algorithms. A pilot study was undertaken to collect data on these relationships and to assess the feasibility of the methods needed for this type of research, including a sophisticated statistical modeling technique (a two-part mixed-effects model with correlated random effects that accounts for clumping at zero). Because nicotine metabolism varies by gender and race, the sample was homogeneous with respect to these characteristics. In a within-subjects study, 27 African American adult male smokers carried a computerized cigarette dispenser for 1 week, capturing the time each cigarette was smoked. Subjects then entered an inpatient setting for 1 day of scheduled smoking (matched to data from the cigarette dispenser to create an ecologically valid schedule) and 4 days of ad libitum nicotine nasal spray use, while tobacco abstinent. Eight times per day, at 2-hour intervals, blood was drawn and ratings of cigarette cravings and withdrawal symptoms were obtained. On average, subjects used less than half of the manufacturer's recommended minimum daily dose of nicotine nasal spray. Large differences in nicotine and cotinine levels were observed between individuals. When predicting nicotine, cotinine, withdrawal, and cravings, we observed significant interactions between route of nicotine intake and a variety of independent variables.

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“…The peripheral effects of smoking generally would be classified as 'stimulatory'. For example, smoking (especially the first cigarette of the day) increases heart rate [1], and many smokers report that smoking increases their level of…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychophysiological and Subjective Effects of Cigarettes Having Varying Nicotine Yields But Relatively Constant Tar’ Yields

Pritchard

Robinson²,

Guy³

et al. 1996

Neuropsychobiology

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Thirty-two subjects were tested in five double-blind sessions – 16 subjects in the morning (a.m.) following overnight smoking abstention, and 16 in the afternoon (p.m.) following ad lib smoking. In each session, subjects smoked 1 of 5 cigarettes having the following FTC nicotine/’tar’ yields in mg: 0.08/8.5, 0.17/9.1, 0.37/9.8, 0.48/9.8, and 0.74/10.4. On a pre- to postsmoking basis, blood nicotine and heart rate increased with nicotine yield. The effect of nicotine yield on changes in self-rated anxiety was an inverted-U function, but this effect was possibly confounded by baseline differences. The following effects on EEG spectral-band magnitude were also obtained: (1) nicotine yields > 0.17 mg decreased delta; (2) nicotine yields of 0.37 and 0.48 mg decreased theta in a.m. subjects; (3) nicotine yields > 0.37 mg decreased alpha, the effect being greater in a.m. subjects; (4) no effect of yield on betal was obtained; (5) nicotine yields of 0.48 and 0.74 mg increased the Cz-minus-T5 differential in beta2. Pre- to postsmoking changes in this measure of beta2 were not correlated with either blood nicotine or anxiety.

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The Human Pharmacology of Nicotine

Cited by 22 publications

References 131 publications

The role of nicotine in tobacco use

The role of nicotine in tobacco use

Nicotine, cotinine, withdrawal, and craving patterns during smoking and nicotine nasal spray use: Results from a pilot study with African American men

Psychophysiological and Subjective Effects of Cigarettes Having Varying Nicotine Yields But Relatively Constant Tar’ Yields

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