The Human Genome Project: the Role of Analytical Chemists

Dye Encapsulation

“…A promising approach that warrants further attention is to use solid -state synthesis methods (Figure 11.7 ). 26 The pioneering dye rotaxane synthesis, reported by Anderson and coworkers in 1996, utilized Glaser coupling under aqueous conditions in the presence of a water soluble cyclophane macrocycle to produce a mixture of [2] and [3]rotaxanes with a conjugated phenylacetylene fl uorophore as the axle component (Figure 11.8 ). 27 The purpose of the encapsulation was to insulate the conjugated π -system from quenching processes and both rotaxanes were found to be six fold more fl uorescent.…”

“…29 Similar methods have also been used to make phenylacetylene, 30 and oligo(thiophene) rotaxanes. 31 With the larger γ -CD it is possible to simultaneously encapsulate two dyes and make homo -and hetero - [3]rotaxanes that can achieve extremely effi cient energy transfer between the chromophores. 32 While water is a useful solvent for driving hydrophobic dyes into the CD cavity to make the precursor threaded complexes, it does limit the scope of the capping reactions in that they must be water compatible.…”

“…Three strategies for rotaxane synthesis: capping, clipping and slippingFigure 11.8 Dimerization reaction to produce a[3]rotaxane with a phenylacetylene axle…”

Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing

“…Less than half a century later, the 1953 discovery of the DNA double helix by James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Frank-lin, represented one of the most significant advances in the biomedical world (Watson & Crick, 1953;Maddox, 2003). Two additional landmark moments occurred in February 2001, when the initial draft sequences of the human genome were published (Lander et al, 2001;Venter et al, 2001), and in April 2003, when the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported the completion of the Human Genome Project, a massive international collaborative endeavor that started in 1990 and is thought to represent the most ambitious undertaking in the history of biology (Collins et al, 2003;Thangadurai, 2004; National Human Genome Research Institute, http://www. genome.gov).…”

Aplicação da eletroforese capilar com detecção condutométrica sem contato no controle de qualidade de formulações farmacêuticas contendo aspirina ou dipirona em combinação com outros princípios ativos

“…Devido a sua alta capacidade de separação, somente a CE teria resolução suficiente para este tipo de separação. Além disso, devido às altas velocidades de análises obtidas em CE, foi possível que milhares de nucleotídeos fossem sequenciados em um único dia [13].…”