The Human Genetic History of the Americas: The Final Frontier

O’Rourke, Dennis H.; Raff, Jennifer

doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.051

Cited by 161 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Not surprisingly, the number and timing of migrations into the Americas are still vigorously debated (10). Previous work focused mostly on mtDNA variation in northern Native American populations (2,5,(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Previous work focused mostly on mtDNA variation in northern Native American populations (2,5,(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). Work using the Y chromosome to explore these issues, however, used relatively low-resolution haplogroup and haplotype data or did not test the correlation between Y-chromosomal diversity and language use (Athapaskan vs. Eskimoan) in a localized geographic space (16,17).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Y-chromosome analysis reveals genetic divergence and new founding native lineages in Athapaskan- and Eskimoan-speaking populations

Dulik

Owings²,

Gaieski³

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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For decades, the peopling of the Americas has been explored through the analysis of uniparentally inherited genetic systems in Native American populations and the comparison of these genetic data with current linguistic groupings. In northern North America, two language families predominate: Eskimo-Aleut and Na-Dene. Although the genetic evidence from nuclear and mtDNA loci suggest that speakers of these language families share a distinct biological origin, this model has not been examined using data from paternally inherited Y chromosomes. To test this hypothesis and elucidate the migration histories of Eskimoan- and Athapaskan-speaking populations, we analyzed Y-chromosomal data from Inuvialuit, Gwich’in, and Tłįchǫ populations living in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Over 100 biallelic markers and 19 chromosome short tandem repeats (STRs) were genotyped to produce a high-resolution dataset of Y chromosomes from these groups. Among these markers is an SNP discovered in the Inuvialuit that differentiates them from other Aboriginal and Native American populations. The data suggest that Canadian Eskimoan- and Athapaskan-speaking populations are genetically distinct from one another and that the formation of these groups was the result of two population expansions that occurred after the initial movement of people into the Americas. In addition, the population history of Athapaskan speakers is complex, with the Tłįchǫ being distinct from other Athapaskan groups. The high-resolution biallelic data also make clear that Y-chromosomal diversity among the first Native Americans was greater than previously recognized.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Y-chromosome analysis reveals genetic divergence and new founding native lineages in Athapaskan- and Eskimoan-speaking populations

Dulik

Owings²,

Gaieski³

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Although there is still controversy about when the initial peopling of the American continent took place, the latest research supports the hypothesis of a recent settlement (18000 before present (BP)) across the Bering Strait (Tamm et al, 2007;O'Rourke and Raff, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Exploring the African genetic influence in the first settlement founded by African slaves in America

Solé-Llussà

Gorostiza

Rubí-Castellanos

et al. 2015

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The present study aims to outline the genetic makeup of the current population of the town of Yanga (Veracruz State, Mexico), the first Latin American settlement founded by African slaves in Mexico. For this purpose, we carried out the genetic characterization of 60 individuals from Yanga, analysing 15 autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) and interpreting the results in the context of the admixed population known as Mexican mestizos. The genetic contribution from the three most important human groups in the current admixed Yanga population was calculated using Structure software. We detected a high percentage of Amerindian (48%) and European inheritance (44.7%), and a much less important African contribution (7.3%). These results were then compared with 10 other Mexican mestizo populations. The results fit the tri-hybrid model for admixture characterized by a high genetic contribution from Europeans and Africans in the north-though the African influence is lower-and a decreasing contribution from these two populations to the south and southeast. Conversely, the Amerindian component presents maximum values in the south and minimum values in the north. The Amerindian and European genetic traces are related to their ancestral settlements, but the African contribution can be explained by other parameters. To understand the current African genetic traces, we have to assume that there was a redistribution of these population groups and an important admixture phenomenon which led to the dilution of the African ancestral genetic pool. Furthermore, admixture was favoured by conditions that allowed individuals who intermarried to ascend in social status. These reasons would explain why despite the fact that Yanga was founded by black slaves, high levels of African ancestry are not found in the current population.

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“…Such comprehensive and detailed reviews from several perspectives are already available (Goebel et al 2008;Meltzer 2009;Dillehay 2009;Madsen 2004;Dixon 2001;O'Rourke and Raff 2010;Kemp and Schurr 2010;Achilli et al 2008;Tamm et al 2007;Yang et al 2010;Marshall et al 2002;Alfimov and Berman 2001;Siddall et al 2008). Nor will I review the substantial literature on morphological variation in prehistoric America that bears on the issue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contradictions and Concordances in American Colonization Models

O’Rourke

2011

Evo Edu Outreach

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The traditional view of American colonization during the late Pleistocene has largely been conditioned on early conceptions of the timing and extent of continental glaciations and the age and distribution of archeological sites. A review of newer, high resolution genetic data, both from modern populations and ancient DNA samples, along with the emergence of several early archeological sites in both North and South America, and reconsiderations of the glacial dynamics in North America indicate that some aspects of the traditional view need reconsideration. It seems obvious from archeological data that a preglacial occupation of the Americas needs to be closely examined. Accumulating molecular genetic data raises new questions about the timing and population size of the initial colonization(s), while a closer examination of glacial models suggests that a number of routes into the Americas may have been available until fairly late in the last glacial cycle.

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The Human Genetic History of the Americas: The Final Frontier

Cited by 161 publications

References 45 publications

Y-chromosome analysis reveals genetic divergence and new founding native lineages in Athapaskan- and Eskimoan-speaking populations

Y-chromosome analysis reveals genetic divergence and new founding native lineages in Athapaskan- and Eskimoan-speaking populations

Exploring the African genetic influence in the first settlement founded by African slaves in America

Contradictions and Concordances in American Colonization Models

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