The Human Endometrium

Wynn, Ralph M.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5589-2_11

Cited by 21 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 51 publications

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“…Great multiparity and pregnancy, birth control pills containing oestrogens with progestogens, and smoking reduce the risk of endometrial cancer [ 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 ]. Due to the large number of blood vessels of the endometrium and the endocervix, they may be sensitive to many substances supplied by blood, both endogenous (such as hormones) and exogenous (such as toxic heavy metals, which may accumulate with prolonged exposure) [ 127 ].…”

Section: Lead Cadmium and Gynaecological Malignanciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Lead and Cadmium in Gynecological Malignancies

et al. 2022

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Lead and cadmium are non-essential and toxic heavy metals. Their presence and elevated levels can lead to many pathologies. They disrupt the antioxidant properties of many enzymes, consume the resources of antioxidant cells, and thus participate in the generation of oxidative stress, which may result in DNA damage. In addition, they have been found to be carcinogenic through their genotoxic properties. They have been shown to be present in various types of cancer, including cancer of the female reproductive system. Both metals have been recognized as metalloestrogens, which are important in hormone-related cancers. Participation in the oncogenesis of ovarian, endometrial and cervical cancer was analysed in detail, using the available research in this field. We emphasize their role as potential biomarkers in cancer risk and diagnosis as well as advancement of gynaecological malignancies.

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Section: Lead Cadmium and Gynaecological Malignanciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Lead and Cadmium in Gynecological Malignancies

et al. 2022

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Regulation of keratinocyte growth factor expression in human endometrium: Implications for hormonal carcinogenesis

Rinehart

1998

Mol. Carcinog.

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Estrogen is thought to be an important etiologic agent in endometrial and breast cancers. However, the mechanism or mechanisms by which estrogen acts as a hormonal carcinogen are not well understood. We hypothesize that in response to chronic exposure to estrogens, human endometrial stromal fibroblasts (ESF) produce factors that facilitate neoplastic transformation in epithelial cells. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the regulation of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) mRNA and protein in ESF by interleukin-1 (IL-1) and diethylstilbestrol (DES). Short-term treatments with IL-1 but not with DES increased the abundance of KGF mRNA in ESF. However, chronic treatment with DES significantly increased KGF mRNA levels and protein production. KGF protein in medium conditioned by ESF chronically treated with 1 nM DES reached concentrations of approximately 100 ng/mL. At this concentration, KGF increased endometrial epithelial cell numbers fourfold and enhanced anchorage independence tenfold. These results suggest that KGF may play a role in hormonal carcinogenesis by mediating estrogen-induced changes in the interactions between stromal and epithelial cells. To address the potential role of nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) in regulating KGF expression, we determined the effect of increased expression of its inhibitor, IkappaBalpha, on KGF mRNA and protein levels. Transfection with IkappaBalpha blocked induction of KGF expression by IL-1 but had no effect on the increase in KGF mRNA caused by chronic treatment with DES. These results suggest that IL-1 exerts its effects on KGF by an NF-kappaB-mediated pathway but that chronic treatment with DES stimulates KGF expression by some other mechanism.

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Biology of Eutopic and Ectopic Endometrium in Women with Endometriosis

Klemmt

Starzinski‐Powitz

2011

Endometriosis

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The Human Endometrium

Cited by 21 publications

References 51 publications

The Role of Lead and Cadmium in Gynecological Malignancies

The Role of Lead and Cadmium in Gynecological Malignancies

Regulation of keratinocyte growth factor expression in human endometrium: Implications for hormonal carcinogenesis

Biology of Eutopic and Ectopic Endometrium in Women with Endometriosis

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