The human cost of global warming: Deadly landslides and their triggers (1995–2014)

Haque, Ubydul; Silva, Paula F. da; Devoli, Graziella; Pilz, Jürgen; Zhao, Bingxin; Khaloua, Asmaa; Wilopo, Wahyu; Andersen, Peter C.; Lü, Ping; Lee, Juneseok; Yamamoto, Taro; Keellings, David; Wu, Jiunn-Liang; Glass, Gregory E.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.415

Cited by 260 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Rainfall-induced landslides have caused many human casualties and severe property damage worldwide [1,2]. The initiation of rainfall-induced landslides is affected by various factors, such as the material properties of soil, topographic features, geological and hydrological characteristics, slope surface cover, and vegetation [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although numerous empirically based approaches have been widely applied to large areas using simple methods, deterministic physics-based approaches are preferable for a better understanding of the mechanisms of shallow landslides [13]. Numerous physically based studies have investigated infiltration behavior during rainfall using various approaches: (1) Adopting assumptions for simplification to solve the differential equation of Richards [14] by applying a single-phase fluid (water) flow [3,10,15,16]; (2) assuming that the air pressure in the void spaces of an unsaturated soil slope is equal to the atmospheric pressure [9,17,18]; (3) applying a two-phase fluid (water and air) flow [19][20][21][22][23]; and (4) considering hydraulic hysteresis, including the effects of capillarity and/or air entrapment, reflecting different hydraulic states under wetting and drying conditions [24,25]. Such physically based numerical studies have mainly been applied at slope or watershed scales.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We evaluated the performance of the analysis for slope failure assessments applying the two-phase flow model. This study is concerned with (1) the investigation of the effects of air flow and pressure on infiltration behavior by comparing the variations in the pore water pressure predicted by the single-phase flow and two-phase flow models, (2) interpretations of the influence of air flow and pressure on safety factors during heavy rain, (3) comparison of the landslide susceptibility maps that were obtained by applying the single-phase flow and two-phase flow models, and (4) assessments of the applicability of single-phase flow and two-phase flow models by comparing areas that are predicted as unstable with the locations of actual landslide events.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Two-Phase Flow of Water and Air on Shallow Slope Failures Induced by Rainfall: Insights from Slope Stability Assessment at a Regional Scale

Kang

Cho

Kim

et al. 2020

Water

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Over 160 shallow landslides resulted from heavy rainfall that occurred in 26–27 July 2011 at Umyeon Mountain, Seoul, South Korea. To accurately reflect the fluid flow mechanism in the void spaces of soils, we considered the two-phase flow of water and air for rainfall infiltration analysis using available historical rainfall data, topographic maps, and geotechnical/hydrological properties. Variations in pore water and air pressure from the infiltration analysis are used for slope stability assessment. By comparing the results from numerical models applying single- and two-phase flow models, we observed that air flow changes the rate of increase in pore water pressure, influencing the safety factor on slopes with a low infiltration capacity, where ponding is more likely to occur during heavy rainfall. Finally, several slope failure assessments were conducted to evaluate the usefulness of using the two-phase flow model in forecasting slope stability in conditions of increased rainfall sums. We observed that the two-phase flow model reduces the tendency of over-prediction compared to the single-phase model. The results from the two-phase flow model revealed good agreement with actual landslide events.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Two-Phase Flow of Water and Air on Shallow Slope Failures Induced by Rainfall: Insights from Slope Stability Assessment at a Regional Scale

Kang

Cho

Kim

et al. 2020

Water

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“…Rainfall-triggered landslides pose a severe threat to societies on all continents [1,2]. Rainfall thresholds are therefore essential for characterizing landslide hazard and developing early warning systems [3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a Transferable Antecedent Rainfall—Susceptibility Threshold Approach for Landsliding

Monsieurs

Dewitte

Depicker

et al. 2019

Water

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Determining rainfall thresholds for landsliding is crucial in landslide hazard evaluation and early warning system development, yet challenging in data-scarce regions. Using freely available satellite rainfall data in a reproducible automated procedure, the bootstrap-based frequentist threshold approach, coupling antecedent rainfall (AR) and landslide susceptibility data as proposed by Monsieurs et al., has proved to provide a physically meaningful regional AR threshold equation in the western branch of the East African Rift. However, previous studies could only rely on globaland continental-scale rainfall and susceptibility data. Here, we use newly available regional-scale susceptibility data to test the robustness of the method to different data configurations. This leads us to improve the threshold method through using stratified data selection to better exploit the data distribution over the whole range of susceptibility. In addition, we discuss the effect of outliers in small data sets on the estimation of parameter uncertainties and the interest of not using the bootstrap technique in such cases. Thus improved, the method effectiveness shows strongly reduced sensitivity to the used susceptibility data and is satisfyingly validated by new landslide occurrences in the East African Rift, therefore successfully passing first transferability tests. parameters through a spatially extended infinite-slope stability model [25]. However, the large required data input for well-calibrated process-based thresholds explains their current limitation to mostly applications at the hillslope scale or through numerical simulations [4,21,[25][26][27].The estimation of empirical rainfall thresholds is also associated with additional sources of uncertainty. Firstly, landslide inventories are inherently biased towards high-impact landslide events and regions that are most accessible, while their accuracy is constrained by the scientific validity of the reporting sources, especially in data-scarce low-capacity environments [1,[28][29][30][31]. Secondly, rainfall data comprise uncertainties related to the spatial representativeness of rain gauges or biases in satellite-derived estimates [32,33]. Thirdly, the definition of rainfall parameters, with intensity and duration forming the most frequently used parameter couple [3,5], varies strongly across studies [3]. Finally, the latter parameters' interdependence is problematic, obscuring the physical processes associated with the calculated thresholds [34].In order to account for and characterize threshold uncertainties, a growing number of reproducible statistical techniques have been developed [3]. A weakness of such methods is, however, that they are generally tailored to a specific area and available data sets, which often prevents straightforward transferability to other regions and data sets [35]. Nevertheless, transferability is not only essential for evaluating and comparing landslide hazard over different regions of the world [10,36], but also valuable in the context of the in...

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“…In recent years, with population increases [1], global climate changes [2,3], and the expansion of human activity [4], landslides occur frequently and cause significant loss of life and property worldwide every year [5,6]. China possesses many mountainous areas, and the safety of people's lives and property is seriously threatened by landslides and slope instability [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal Force Analysis and Field Test of Lattice Beam Based on Winkler Theory for Elastic Foundation Beam

Zhu

et al. 2019

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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As a new flexible supporting structure, prestressed anchor cable lattice beams have been widely used in high-slope support engineering and have achieved good results. However, theoretical research on the internal force analysis of lattice beams is far behind engineering practice. Based on the theory of the Winkler elastic foundation model, a mechanical model of a prestressed anchor cable lattice beam at the tension stage was established. Considering the nonhomogeneous lattice beam materials, a calculation method was given and applied to engineering examples. A calculation method of the measured moment was introduced in the field test conducted in the Zhouqu County “8·8” debris flow disaster reconstruction project. Comparisons between the test results and the theoretical results were performed. The results showed that the theoretical results of the distribution trend of the lattice beam moment were consistent with the test results, which verified the rationality of the proposed calculation method. The inertia moment of the beam section solved by the transformed section method was more realistic. The results of the transformed section method could improve the bending resistance of the lattice beam and reduce the reinforcement ratio. The greater the anchoring force was, the more obvious the lifting effect was. The anchoring force was an important influencing factor of the internal force of the lattice beam. The greater the anchoring force was, the greater the lattice beam moment was, and they showed the same proportional change phenomenon. Compared with the theoretical moment, the measured moment obtained by the test was smaller, which indicated that the lattice beam of the tested slope was safe at the present stage.

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The human cost of global warming: Deadly landslides and their triggers (1995–2014)

Cited by 260 publications

References 17 publications

Effects of Two-Phase Flow of Water and Air on Shallow Slope Failures Induced by Rainfall: Insights from Slope Stability Assessment at a Regional Scale

Effects of Two-Phase Flow of Water and Air on Shallow Slope Failures Induced by Rainfall: Insights from Slope Stability Assessment at a Regional Scale

Towards a Transferable Antecedent Rainfall—Susceptibility Threshold Approach for Landsliding

Internal Force Analysis and Field Test of Lattice Beam Based on Winkler Theory for Elastic Foundation Beam

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