The human body as an energetic hybrid? New perspectives for chronic disease treatment?

Abstract

Inflammatory response is accompanied by changes in cellular energy metabolism. Proinflammatory mediators like plasma C-reactive protein, IL-6, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, TNF-α or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 released in the site of inflammation activates immune cells and increase energy consumption. Increased demand for energy creates local hypoxia and lead in consequence to mitochondrial dysfunction. Metabolism of cells is switched to anaerobic glycolysis. Mitochondria continuously generate free radicals that what result in imbalance that causes oxidative stress, which results in oxidative damage. Chronic energy imbalance promotes oxidative stress, aging, and neurodegeneration and is associated with numerous disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease or Huntington’s disease. It is also believed that oxidative stress and the formation of free radicals play an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid diseases including especially rheumatoid arthritis. Pharmacological control of energy metabolism disturbances may be valuable therapeutic strategy of treatment of this disorders. In recent review we sum up knowledge related to energy disturbances and discuss phenomena such as zombies or hibernation which may indicate the potential targets for regulation of energy metabolism.

The Involvement of Lactosylceramide in Central Nervous System Inflammation Related to Neurodegenerative Disease

“…Neuroinflammation is a significant cause of degenerative diseases of the CNS. The activation of the immune system of the body will increase energy consumption ( Straub, 2012 ), and the increase in energy metabolism requirements of the body will lead to disorder in mitochondrial function, such as transformation of metabolism from aerobic oxidation to anaerobic glycolysis and increased release of free radicals, leading to oxidative stress ( Gajewski et al, 2017 ). From a pathological point of view, a class of protein-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as ALS, AD, and PD, is caused by misfolding and changes in the process of protein synthesis, as well as blockages in the degradation pathway of the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to abnormal accumulation of toxic proteins and ultimately neurodegeneration.…”

Calibration and validation of accelerometry to measure physical activity in adult clinical groups: A systematic review

“…Indeed, indirect calorimetry was shown to overestimate EE when the RMR was not properly assessed (Fares et al, 2008). Therefore, RMR estimation is highly recommended to avoid bias, particularly as it was shown to be altered in many clinical conditions (Agiovlasitis et al, 2012, Alawad et al, 2013, Gajewski et al, 2017, Mahler et al, 2012, Montaurier et al, 2007, Nawata et al, 2004, Serra et al, 2015, Wens et al, 2014). Alternatively, METs can be used to estimate EE; Serra et al (Serra et al, 2017) found METs to be the strongest predictor of activity counts, despite explaining only 65% of the accelerometer activity counts.…”

Inflammation: a highly conserved, Janus-like phenomenon—a gastroenterologist’ perspective

“…Under the pressure of hypoxia, several crucial metabolic cell steps undergo dramatic changes that can be divided into three stages [10].…”