On the basis of developments in plant biotechnology, drug and vaccine production by higher plants can be added to microbial and animal cell culture processes. When genes encoding drug or vaccine formation under a suitable promoter are introduced into plants, these useful compounds can be economically produced from CO 2 and inorganic chemicals using sunlight. The merits and demerits of the plant process are discussed in this paper. Keywords: chloroplast transformation; glycosylation; medicinal protein; molecular farming; plant; Prof. Demain; transgene expression Although plants have been used for medicinal purposes for thousands of years, chemical and microbial medicines are being consumed more at present. Recombinant DNA technology in higher plants has opened up a new field of basic research and application in plant science. Basically, foreign genes can be introduced into any kind of plant and it is possible to produce therapeutic proteins, such as antibodies, blood products, cytokines, growth factors, hormones, vaccines and enzymes. The first recombinant plant-derived pharmaceutical protein was human serum albumin discovered in 1990 in transgenic tobacco and potato plants. 1 From an economic point of view, the production cost of biomolecules using plants is less than that of microbial and animal cell cultures, which require equipment, substrate and electric energy supply. Plants can synthesize any protein and metabolite from CO 2 and inorganic chemicals using solar energy. The production cost of immunoglobulin A by transgenic plants is estimated to be less than 1% of that by mammalian cell culture, and less than 5% of that by transgenic goats. 2