The household costs of health care in rural South Africa with free public primary care and hospital exemptions for the poor

Goudge, Jane; Gilson, Lucy; Russell, Steve; Gumede, Tebogo; Mills, Anne

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02256.x

Cited by 82 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Similarly, there is a growing consensus on the vital importance of a functioning health systems platform as the foundation for the delivery of programs and interventions, irrespective of their specifi c foci. 19,20 Implications for primary healthcare These challenges -a still-evolving and complex burden of illness and concerns with health systems development and performance -refocus attention on PHC. Restoring focus on health systems strengthening and effective PHC is central to the World Health Organization's current phase of work.…”

Section: Health Systems and Access To Carementioning

confidence: 99%

Workforce Resources for Health in Developing Countries

Bangdiwala

Fonn

Okoye³

et al. 2010

Public Health Rev

111

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With increased globalization and interdependence among countries, sustained health worker migration and the complex threats of rapidly spreading infectious diseases, as well as changing lifestyles, a strong health workforce is essential. Building the human resources for health should not only include healthcare professionals like physicians and nurses, but must take into consideration community health workers, mid-level workers and strengthened primary healthcare systems to increase coverage and address the basic health needs of societies. This is especially true in low and middle-income countries where healthcare access is a critical challenge.There is a global crisis in the health workforce, expressed in acute shortages and maldistribution of health workers, geographically and professionally. This massive global shortage, though imprecise quantitatively, is estimated at more than 4 million workers. To respond to this crisis, policies and actions are needed to address the dynamics of the health labour market and the production and management of the health workforce, and to strengthen the performance of existing health systems. Schools of public health need to develop the range of capacity and leadership in addition to the traditional training of healthcare managers and researchers. Countries should fi rst identify their health problems in order to properly address their health worker needs, retention, recruitment and training, if they are to come close to reaching the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for health.

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Section: Health Systems and Access To Carementioning

confidence: 99%

Workforce Resources for Health in Developing Countries

Bangdiwala

Fonn

Okoye³

et al. 2010

Public Health Rev

111

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“…Although contingent valuation (Ciriacy-Wantrup, 1947;Davis, 1963) and averting behaviour (Bartik, 1988;Courant and Porter, 1981;Goudge et al, 2009) approaches have been used to value the impacts of waterborne diseases in other studies, a cost of illness (COI) approach was used in this study to facilitate more accurate cross-country comparisons. The COI approach attempts to measure benefits of pollution prevention and/or reduction by estimating the direct and indirect opportunity costs associated with an illness (Pegram et al, 1998).…”

Section: Microbial Pollution Of Drinking Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Monetary valuation of salinity impacts and microbial pollution in the Olifants Water Management Area, South Africa

Lange¹,

Mahumani²,

Steyn³

et al. 2012

WSA

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This paper estimates costs associated with water pollution in the Olifants River Water Management Area (WMA) in South Africa, and, more specifically, the area represented by the Loskop Dam Water User Association. We focus on the impacts of salinisation on commercial irrigated agriculture, and of microbial pollution on the general population of the WMA, many of whom do not have access to municipal water and sanitation services, leaving them vulnerable to microbial pollution in the water resource. Costs associated with salinity are estimates based on the impacts of increased salinity on the value of marginal product of certain irrigated crops. Costs associated with microbial pollution are estimated based on the direct and indirect costs of human health impacts as a result of microbial pollution in the study area. These monetary value estimates give an indication of the magnitude of the cost of water pollution to society in the WMA. It is concluded that the once-off cost required to provide some pollution prevention infrastructure will be lower than the current annual cost burden of pollution on society in the WMA, and that pollution prevention is therefore cost effective.

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“…Researches on the effects of poverty on the health status and also inequality in health have been published. 2,3 Furthermore, in several poverty reduction strategy reports of countries, poor health has been recognized as a dimension of poverty. Emphasis on the impoverishing effect of health expenditures takes its origin from the World Health Organization's (WHO) announcement of equitable contribution for financing of health costs as one of the three goals of the health systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Household Health Spending and Impoverishment: Findings from the Households Survey in Shiraz, Iran

Khammarnia

Keshtkaran

Kavosi

et al. 2015

Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull

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The present study aimed to investigate the households' impoverishment due to the healthcare costs in Shiraz in 2012. In this household's survey, 800 households were studied in Shiraz. The study sample was selected using stratified and cluster sampling in the urban and rural areas, respectively. The information was collected using the household section of the World Health Survey questionnaire. In order to determine impoverishment due to health spending, at first, the households' food-based poverty line (subsistence expenditure) was measured. Then, households' health expenditure was subtracted from their total expenditure and if the obtained value was lower than the households' food-based poverty line, the households was considered to be impoverished due to health expenditures. The collected data were entered into the SPSS (version 16) statistical software and analyzed using descriptive statistic, Chi-square test, and logistic regression in backward method. The study results showed that 7.1% of the households (CI: 0.071±0.018) were impoverished because of healthcare expenditures. Besides, the households in the first quintile were more likely to be faced with poverty compared to those in the other quintiles (p<0.05). Being covered by health insurance did not affect the protection from poverty due to health costs. Moreover, the participants living in rural areas were faced with poverty more than those living in urban areas (p<0.05). It seems that health expenditure can be an economic shock for household in Shiraz and through spending on health a household may fall into poverty. As insurance had no effect on impoverishment, it implies that change in health insurance plans and ways of health financing is necessary.

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The household costs of health care in rural South Africa with free public primary care and hospital exemptions for the poor

Cited by 82 publications

References 29 publications

Workforce Resources for Health in Developing Countries

Workforce Resources for Health in Developing Countries

Monetary valuation of salinity impacts and microbial pollution in the Olifants Water Management Area, South Africa

The Household Health Spending and Impoverishment: Findings from the Households Survey in Shiraz, Iran

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