The hourglass pattern of women’s representation

Kjær, Ulrik; Kosiara‐Pedersen, Karina

doi:10.1080/17457289.2018.1530678

Cited by 14 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Another problem is that creating political opportunities by adding council seats will not ensure women's representation if barriers to women's candidacy to fill those seats persists. Promoting greater inclusion at the recruitment and nomination stages remains crucial to increasing women's political representation (Kjaer and Kosiara-Pedersen 2019).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Council Size Matters: Filling Blanks in Women’s Municipal Representation in New Jersey

Kjær

Dittmar

Carroll

2018

State and Local Government Review

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This article “goes local” to investigate the representation of women on city councils, seeking explanations for the variation in women’s descriptive representation at the municipal level. Using the State of New Jersey (NJ) as a case, it is asked: what explains why women fare electorally better in some NJ municipalities than in others? More specifically, what explains “blanks”—or councils on which women are absent—in women’s representation in local politics? It is demonstrated that council size is a significant predictor of women’s presence or absence, but not percentage representation, on city councils.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Council Size Matters: Filling Blanks in Women’s Municipal Representation in New Jersey

Kjær

Dittmar

Carroll

2018

State and Local Government Review

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“…The respondents can then answer the question from a scale of 0 (Very unlikely) to 10 (Very likely). This type of question is not unique to this study, and a similar question has been used in the Danish case before (Kjaer & Kosiara-Pedersen 2018;Kosiara-Pedersen & Hansen 2013). In the last part of the survey, respondents were asked the questions that we use to evaluate reasons to run for office.…”

Section: Measuring Reasons To Runmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This persistent gender gap is puzzling for several reasons. Denmark is culturally egalitarian, has experienced early women's enfranchisement and ranks among top European Union (EU) nations for gender equality (Kjaer & Kosiara-Pedersen 2018). In a comparative perspective, Denmark reflects the EU average of representation of women at the local level, while Denmark is one of the most gender-equal countries in national politics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, we advance the literature on supply-side explanations and explore gender differences among voters in their willingness to run for a seat in the local councils, as well as the mechanisms that undergird potential differences. Most previous studies examine supplyside explanations among participants who are already active in politics (Campbell & Childs 2014), or who are well positioned to offer themselves to political office (Fox & Lawless 2011;Kjaer & Kosiara-Pedersen 2018). While this is clearly important in advancing our understanding of candidate emergence, it also introduces concerns of selection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Confident and cautious candidates: Explaining under‐representation of women in Danish municipal politics

Dahl

Nyrup

2020

European J Political Res

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Why are women under‐represented even in democratic and egalitarian countries? Previous research considers either demand‐side or supply‐side explanations. We integrate both perspectives in a least‐likely case for the under‐representation of women, namely the municipal councils in Denmark. The data stems from a candidate choice conjoint experiment, a survey among potential candidates, and data on the actual pool of nominated candidates. On the voter demand‐side, we show that there is no pro‐male bias in general or in combination with other candidate traits nor that traits evaluated positively by voters appear more frequently among actual male candidates. On the supply‐side, we find that women are less likely to be interested in running for political office. This is primarily because women assess their own political qualifications significantly lower than men. The under‐supply of female candidates seem to drive the disparity suggesting that we should focus more on supply‐side factors to overcome the gender imbalance.

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“…Det gjelder også deres syn på kjønnsrepresentasjon i demokratiske institusjoner (Folkestad, Saglie og Segaard 2017). Noen partier klassifiseres som mer likestillingsvennlige enn andre (Wide 2012;Van der Ros, Johansen og Guldvik 2010;Berglund 2005;Ringkjøb og Aars 2010;Matland og Lilliefeldt 2014;Kittilson 2013;Norris 2006;Kjaer og Kosiara-Pedersen 2018). Dette skillet synes i stor utstrekning å følge den tradisjonelle venstre-høyre-dimensjonen i politikken, og handler om ideologi så vel som partikultur.…”

Section: Partienes Rolle Og Betydning For Kjønnsrepresentasjonunclassified