The Hounsinou scale: Its development and use to determine the overall quality of groundwater used for drinking and bathing in the municipality of Abomey-Calavi in Benin

Use of graphical and multivariate statistical methods to show a marine intrusion and salinization of a coastal water table: case study of the township of Abomey-Calavi, Benin

“…The municipality of Abomey-Calavi is located on the shores of lake Nokoué, a large lake which has an area of approximately 160 km 2 . Lake Nokoué and the Atlantic Ocean have a significant influence on groundwater pollution ( Hounsinou, 2020 ; Hounsinou, 2021 ).

Figure 1 Geographic localization of Abomey-Calavi.

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“…The wells water samples were collected using standard sampling procedures ( APHA 1985 ; ISO 1993 ; Hounsinou, 2021 ).…”

“…The methods and/or equipment used to perform the physico-chemical analyzes and references for previous use of these methods are as follows: The hardness was measured by titrimetry ( Sunitha, 2014 ). Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC) are measured by a portable multi-parameter meter with probe WTW340i ( Nakhaei et al., 2015 ; Amiri et al., 2017 ; Hounsinou, 2021 ). Turbidity was measured by a colorimeter, TDS was measured by a conductimeter ( Hounsinou, 2020 ; Hounsinou, 2021 ).…”

“…Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC) are measured by a portable multi-parameter meter with probe WTW340i ( Nakhaei et al., 2015 ; Amiri et al., 2017 ; Hounsinou, 2021 ). Turbidity was measured by a colorimeter, TDS was measured by a conductimeter ( Hounsinou, 2020 ; Hounsinou, 2021 ). The major ions namely calcium ions, magnesium ions, sodium ions, potassium ions, nitrates ions, chloride ions and sulfate ions were measured by the chromatographic method ( APHA, 1985 ).…”

“…The major ions namely calcium ions, magnesium ions, sodium ions, potassium ions, nitrates ions, chloride ions and sulfate ions were measured by the chromatographic method ( APHA, 1985 ). Minor ions namely total iron, nitrites ions, phosphates ions, fluorides ions and ammonium ions were measured by ionic spectrophotometry ( Roy et al., 2011 ; Hounsinou, 2021 ). Carbonates ions and alkalinity were measured by acidimetry ( APHA, 1985 ).…”