The Host Population

Castrillo, Louela A.

doi:10.1002/9781119256106.ch4

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 281 publications

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“…The observation that fungal pathogens are always present at low frequencies is well consistent with the decades-long experience of insect rearing by some of the authors (but see [28]). Such a pattern might indicate that the presence of fungal conidia is not a limiting determinant of the prevalence of fungal diseases (see also [29]) but instead, the condition of the host may be decisive-only the weakest individuals are unable to resist the infection [4,30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungi Recorded on Folivorous Lepidoptera: High Diversity Despite Moderate Prevalence

Gielen

Meister

Tammaru

et al. 2021

JoF

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The knowledge about the diversity and ecological role of entomopathogenic fungi is primarily based on agroecosystems whereas information derived from natural insect populations is much more limited. To contribute to filling this gap, we recorded the prevalence of fungal infections in laboratory rearing experiments with five species of Lepidoptera, and in a field rearing experiment including one of these moths. The diversity of detected fungi was found to be high; we isolated 25 species of fungi from insects that had died in the course of these experiments. Six species belonged to the family Cordycipitaceae known to include unambiguous insect pathogens. The trophic niche of the representatives of other taxa is less clear and requires further studies. Regarding the most abundant species, Cordyceps farinosa, in which this question could be addressed, there was no indication of specialization on particular insect hosts, whereas several of the less common species may have been recorded from lepidopteran hosts for the first time. Across the subsets of the data, the prevalence of fungal infections generally remained below 5%. Our results are thus consistent with the idea that entomopathogenic fungi are always present in insect populations but rarely reach epizootic levels. The detected species richness shows that much is to be gained from mapping the diversity of fungal species associated with folivorous insects in natural populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungi Recorded on Folivorous Lepidoptera: High Diversity Despite Moderate Prevalence

Gielen

Meister

Tammaru

et al. 2021

JoF

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“…Preliminary field studies testing B. bassiana and M. brunneum against X. germanus, X. crassiusculus and Cnestus mutilatus (Blandford) on excised beech bolts suggest that further studies are needed to develop economical strategies and to improve the efficient delivery of these microbials in the field (Castrillo et al, unpublished). Given that insect host-fungal pathogen interactions are determined by variables such as fungal species, strain and dosage, insect life stage, physiology and behavior, and environmental conditions (i.e., relative humidity, UV light, temperature, host plant) (Castrillo 2018;Mann and Davis 2020), field tests are also needed to determine optimal application strategies of these control agents (i.e., formulation type, application mode, rate, and frequency based on beetle phenology). Surveys for naturally occurring pathogens and strains associated with these beetles may offer alternatives that could be more virulent to the beetles or more adapted to their natural habitats rather than commercial ones.…”

Section: Entomopathogenic Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances toward the sustainable management of invasive Xylosandrus ambrosia beetles

et al. 2021

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We provide an overview of both traditional and innovative control tools for management of three Xylosandrus ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), invasive species with a history of damage in forests, nurseries, orchards and urban areas. Xylosandrus compactus, X. crassiusculus and X. germanus are native to Asia, and currently established in several countries around the globe. Adult females bore galleries into the plant xylem inoculating mutualistic ambrosia fungi that serve as food source for the developing progeny. Tunneling activity results in chewed wood extrusion from entry holes, sap outflow, foliage wilting followed by canopy dieback, and branch and trunk necrosis. Maintaining plant health by reducing physiological stress is the first recommendation for long-term control. Baited traps, ethanol-treated bolts, trap logs and trap trees of selected species can be used to monitor Xylosandrus species. Conventional pest control methods are mostly ineffective against Xylosandrus beetles because of the pests’ broad host range and rapid spread. Due to challenges with conventional control, more innovative control approaches are being tested, such as the optimization of the push–pull strategy based on specific attractant and repellent combinations, or the use of insecticide-treated netting. Biological control based on the release of entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi, as well as the use of antagonistic bacteria, has yielded promising results. However, these technologies still require validation in real field conditions. Overall, we suggest that management efforts should primarily focus on reducing plant stress and potentially be combined with a multi-faceted approach for controlling Xylosandrus damage.

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Detection and Differentiation of Entomopathogenic Serratia Spp. To Inform Reintroduction of the Critically Endangered Lord Howe Island Stick Insect Dryococelus Australis

Doidge,

Allen,

Bushell

et al. 2024

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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The Host Population

Cited by 3 publications

References 281 publications

Fungi Recorded on Folivorous Lepidoptera: High Diversity Despite Moderate Prevalence

Fungi Recorded on Folivorous Lepidoptera: High Diversity Despite Moderate Prevalence

Recent advances toward the sustainable management of invasive Xylosandrus ambrosia beetles

Detection and Differentiation of Entomopathogenic Serratia Spp. To Inform Reintroduction of the Critically Endangered Lord Howe Island Stick Insect Dryococelus Australis

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