The hormone of the ovarian follicle; its localization and action in test animals, and additional points bearing upon the internal secretion of the ovary

Allen, E. J.; Francis, Byron F.; Robertson, Leroy L.; Colgate, C.E.; Johnston, Charles G.; Doisy, Edward A.; Kountz, William B.; Gibson, Harry V.

doi:10.1002/aja.1000340104

Cited by 115 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Allen and D oisy (1) induced a prolonged cestrus by continuing to inject liquor folliculi for several consecutive days. They made similar experiments with extracts of follicular fluid; the characteristic cornification of the vaginal mucosa continued for 41 days.…”

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confidence: 44%

Protracted œstrus induced by ovarian extracts

Tuisk¹

1927

The Journal of Physiology

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Allen and D oisy (1) induced a prolonged cestrus by continuing to inject liquor folliculi for several consecutive days. They made similar experiments with extracts of follicular fluid; the characteristic cornification of the vaginal mucosa continued for 41 days. Frank, Kingery and Gustavson(2) record having maintained a positive vaginal smear in immature rats for from 8 to 9 days, by continuing the injections.The statements of Allen and Doisy are of a great theoretical interest in connection with the problem of the mechanism of the sexual rhythm. If it can be demonstrated that the somatic substratum of the cestral phenomena is capable of reacting continuously to a continuous injection of ovarian hormones, then it is clear that the sexual rhythm repeats an ovarian rhythm; if, on the contrary, the somatic substratum reacts discontinuously though ovarian hormones are continuously present, then one must conclude that the sexual rhythm depends upon changes in the sensitiveness of the tissues. Brouha and S imonnet(3 repeated the experiments of Allen and D oisy with special reference to the question here discussed. According to them, rats injected during 30 days with follicular extracts reveal indeed a prolonged cestrus; but the latter lasts only 4 to 5 days and then a dicestral phase of 1 to 2 days takes place. Allen and D oisy(1) also stated that in several experiments in which by repeated injections the cestrus was extended, a leucocytic infiltration was present in the smears. But they interpreted this as caused by a "discontinuous action of the hormones due to difficulty in making the injections serve continuously as does the secretion of the normal follicles during the growth phase of the cycle." Further observations by others corroborate the view taken by Allen and D oisy. These authorities drew a parallel between their experiments and the condition in which a cystically degenerate follicle maintains the cestrus, probably by continuous secretion of the follicular hormone. The cases of " nymphomania" in the cow are well known; similar conditions were observed by

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confidence: 44%

Protracted œstrus induced by ovarian extracts

Tuisk¹

1927

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Blandau 1945). Exogenous estrogen also results in uterine distension (Allen et al 1924;Honlburger et nl. 1955;Ringler 1961 ; estrogen causes not only the constriction of the cervices but also the active transfer of potassium ions from blood into the uterine luminal fluid, with the movement of additional fluid into the lumen being the osmotic consequence of this active transfer (Levin and Edwards 1968).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 41%

Effect of oxytocin on estrogen-induced uterine luminal fluid accumulation in ovariectomized rats and the role of prostaglandins

Kennedy¹

1978

Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.

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In estrogen-treated ovariectomized rats, uterine luminal fluid accumulation has been used as an indirect measure of cervical tone, with loss of luminal fluid being interpreted as indicating reduced tone. Since the recently reported ability of analogues of prostaglandins E2 and F2α to cause loss of luminal fluid might have resulted, not from reduced cervical tone, but from uterine contractions forcing fluid through constricted cervices, the effects of oxytocin, also a stimulator of myometrial activity, on luminal fluid accumulation were investigated. When ovariectomized rats, implanted 72 h previously with a Silastic capsule containing 17β-estradiol, were given a single injection of oxytocin and killed 1–2 h later, oxytocin, in a dose-dependent fashion, reduced uterine luminal fluid accumulation. For a supramaximal dose of oxytocin, this effect was seen within 15 min. In rats in which one uterine horn was ligated at the cervical end, fluid accumulation in the ligated horns did not differ significantly in control and treated rats, whereas in nonligated horns, oxytocin reduced the fluid accumulation, suggesting that loss of fluid occurred through the cervix rather than by reabsorption. Given twice daily for 3 days commencing immediately after the insertion of the estrogen-containing capsule, oxytocin had no effect on luminal fluid accumulation in horns ligated at the cervical end, indicating that oxytocin did not inhibit luminal fluid formation. Prostaglandin biosynthesis did not appear to be essential for the acute effect of oxytocin since treatment of rats with indomethacin, although reducing uterine and cervical prostaglandin levels, did not inhibit the effect of oxytocin. However, loss of fluid occurred slightly sooner following oxytocin administration in controls than in indomethacin-treated animals. In addition, for animals autopsied 10 min after oxytocin injection, the dose–response relationship between oxytocin and uterine luminal fluid was affected by indomethacin treatment. These data suggest that prostaglandins act synergistically with oxytocin to bring about loss of uterine luminal fluid accumulation. However, the validity of the use of luminal fluid accumulation as an indicator of cervical tone remains to be resolved.

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“…Subsequent work in male rodents showed that testosterone restored sexual and aggressive displays in adult castrates (Beeman, 1947; Shapiro, 1937; Stone, 1939). Similarly, ovarian extracts or estrogen and progesterone could elicit estrus and sexual receptivity in castrate female rodents (Allen et al, 1924; Dempsey et al, 1936; Ring, 1944; Wiesner and Mirskaia, 1930). Such studies therefore indicated that adult sex hormones were necessary and sufficient for the display of mating, aggression, and the estrous cycle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Representing Sex in the Brain, One Module at a Time

Yang

Shah

2014

Neuron

177

182

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Summary Sexually dimorphic behaviors, qualitative or quantitative differences in behaviors between the sexes, result from the activity of a sexually differentiated nervous system. Sensory cues and sex hormones control the entire repertoire of sexually dimorphic behaviors, including those commonly thought to be charged with emotion such as courtship and aggression. Recent studies show that these over-arching control mechanisms regulate distinct genes and neurons that in turn specify the display of such behaviors in a modular manner. How such modular control is transformed into cohesive internal states that correspond to sexually dimorphic behavior is poorly understood. We summarize current understanding of the neural circuit control of sexually dimorphic behaviors from several perspectives, including how neural circuits in general, and sexually dimorphic neurons in particular, can generate sex differences in behavior, and how molecular mechanisms and evolutionary constraints shape these behaviors. We propose that emergent themes such as the modular genetic and neural control of dimorphic behavior are broadly applicable to the neural control of other behaviors.

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The hormone of the ovarian follicle; its localization and action in test animals, and additional points bearing upon the internal secretion of the ovary

Cited by 115 publications

References 35 publications

Protracted œstrus induced by ovarian extracts

Protracted œstrus induced by ovarian extracts

Effect of oxytocin on estrogen-induced uterine luminal fluid accumulation in ovariectomized rats and the role of prostaglandins

Representing Sex in the Brain, One Module at a Time

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