The horizontal failure mechanism of the Wilnis peat dyke

Baars, Stefan Van

doi:10.1680/geot.2005.55.4.319

Cited by 42 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…Although deformations in LOS direction can already give significant insight in levee deformations by providing binary spatial information on the stability of a levee (i.e., stable/unstable), two‐dimensional (2D) deformation vectors can be particularly relevant for specific failure mechanisms. For instance, deformation in horizontal direction can be an early warning for an instability failure, for example, a peat levee failure near Wilnis, the Netherlands failed in the year 2005 due to a horizontal sliding (van Baars, ). Likewise, subsidence of the levee, which is mostly observed in vertical direction, would lead to hydraulic failures, that is, overtopping and overflow.…”

Section: Performance Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applicability of satellite radar imaging to monitor the conditions of levees

Özer

Leijen

Jonkman

et al. 2018

J Flood Risk Management

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Levees are critical systems in safeguarding an area against catastrophic flooding events with potential fatalities and economic losses. Current monitoring methods of levees highly rely on expert judgement, resulting in infrequent and subjective assessments of their status. Satellite radar imaging, in particular using interferometry (InSAR), holds a large potential to monitor the condition of levees with millimetre‐level precision, anywhere on the planet. However, for levee management, the usability of the technique requires significant radar expert knowledge. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in using time‐series InSAR for systematic levee deformation monitoring. We explore its use to complement existing approaches for assessing levee deformation and failure investigations in a fast, systematic, and cost‐effective way. The applicability of imaging radar satellites is discussed, supported by case studies on levee monitoring in the Netherlands. We elaborate on the technical aspects with respect to levee monitoring using SAR technology, such as estimating deformation in different directions, satellite characteristics, precision, and reliability. We conclude that InSAR is becoming an operational deformation monitoring system, which allows for the detection, tracking, and analysis of irregularities on levee sections with increased efficiency and quality, thus contributing to improved risk management.

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Section: Performance Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applicability of satellite radar imaging to monitor the conditions of levees

Özer

Leijen

Jonkman

et al. 2018

J Flood Risk Management

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“…The probability of failure of the primary river dykes and embankments, totalling in length about 3200 km, is small, as most of them have been designed and constructed for a frequency of flood occurrence of up to 1/1250 yr −1 (Van Baars and Van Kempen, ). However the secondary dykes, built along inland canals to prevent the flooding of surrounding lands, are often built from peat and have a greater risk of failure, especially during prolonged dry periods in summer when the peat can start to crack due to drought stress in the core of the dyke (Van Baars, ). Each province and municipality has the legal obligation to prepare emergency scenario maps for flooding risk as well as other kinds of risk.…”

Section: Flood Risk Assessment and Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lowest point north of Rotterdam is some 7 m below MSL. To prevent these areas from flooding, 3200 km of primary dykes have been built along the coast and the main rivers along with about 14 000 km of inland or secondary dykes (Van Baars, ). Drainage is needed to make these low‐lying areas suitable for agriculture or other land uses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coping with Climate Change in a densely Populated Delta: A Paradigm Shift in Flood and Water Management in The Netherlands

Ritzema

Loon-Steensma

2017

Irrigation and Drainage

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The expected effects of climate change and economic and population growth have motivated the Netherlands government to reformulate its policies on flood protection and water management. Flood protection and drainage are needed to make this low‐lying country habitable and suitable for agriculture and other land uses: more than 65% of the Netherlands is protected by dykes against flooding. The likely impacts of climate change in combination with socio‐economic developments call for proactive and innovative plans. The new policies and standards are based on an innovative approach: instead of focusing only on prevention, the new standards take into account both the probability of flooding as well as the potential impacts and risks of flooding, for example the individual risk of being hit by a flood. Based on these new standards, conservation, adaptation and mitigation actions are used to create a multi‐layer safety approach that focuses on the water management system as well as spatial planning. Examples are presented of changes in perspectives and how flood protection, water management and spatial planning are being combined. These examples can be a basis for further adaptation measures in both the Netherlands as well as in other low‐lying countries worldwide. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…It is also important to note that stability assessments for peat embankments, dikes and natural slopes require methods that deal with uncertainties concerning the ambient conditions, as well as their effects on the soil properties, conditions and behaviourfor instance, the effect of a possible drought or biogas produced internally reducing the self-weight of the peat mass, the influence of gas formation at the base of dikes on their stability, effectivestress reductions due to hydraulic connections by way of shrinkage cracks and (or) more permeable layers underlying the peat layer (see Bezuijen et al (2005), Boylan et al (2008), Den Haan and Kruse (2007) and van Baars (2005)). …”

Section: Geotechnical Research Volume 4 Issue Gr3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement, interpretation and recommended use of laboratory strength properties of fibrous peat

O’Kelly

2017

Geotechnical Research

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Peat deposits are complex natural formations encountered in many geographical areas. Peat itself is considered as a challenging geomaterial, with many aspects of its behaviour seemingly remaining enigmas. This state-of-the-art review paper provides an extensive summary of current knowledge on the strength and shear behaviour of fibrous peats. Critical assessments and interpretations of the undrained strength, effective-stress strength and at-rest earth pressure coefficient parameter values determined for fibrous peat materials using standard and advanced laboratory apparatus are presented, focusing particularly on the consolidated undrained triaxial compression and direct simple shear approaches. Based on documented case histories of embankments, dikes and natural peat slopes, guidance is given for operational shear strength assessments in peat, aimed at bearing capacity and slope stability calculations, considering both the normalised undrained strength ratio and limit equilibrium effective-stress strength approaches. In particular, the botanical origin, structural anisotropy, humification level, likely initial overconsolidated state, tensile resistance associated with the peat fibres and possible scale effect related to the test-specimen size are discussed in the context of the strength mobilised for different testing apparatus. The test methodologies and interpretations of experimental results presented for fibrous peat in this paper should be transferable to other fibrous soil and soil-like materials. Notation

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The horizontal failure mechanism of the Wilnis peat dyke

Cited by 42 publications

References 1 publication

Applicability of satellite radar imaging to monitor the conditions of levees

Applicability of satellite radar imaging to monitor the conditions of levees

Coping with Climate Change in a densely Populated Delta: A Paradigm Shift in Flood and Water Management in The Netherlands

Measurement, interpretation and recommended use of laboratory strength properties of fibrous peat

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