The HNRC 500-Neuropsychology of Hiv infection at different disease stages

Abstract

The present study examined neuropsychological (NP) functioning and associated medical, neurological, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and psychiatric findings in 389 nondemented males infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Type 1 (HIV-1), and in 111 uninfected controls. Using a comprehensive NP test battery, we found increased rates of impairment at each successive stage of HIV infection. HIV-related NP impairment was generally mild, especially in the medically asymptomatic stage of infection, and most often affected attention, speed of information processing, and learning efficiency; this pattern is consistent with earliest involvement of subcortical or frontostriatal brain systems. NP impairment could not be explained on the bases of mood disturbance, recreational drug or alcohol use, or constitutional symptoms; by contrast, impairment in HIV-infected subjects was related to central brain atrophy on MRI, as well as to evidence of cellular immune activation and neurological abnormalities linked to the central nervous system. (JINS, 1995, 1, 231–251.)

The impact of HIV-associated neuropsychological impairment on everyday functioning

“…The ratings procedure utilized in this study has undergone extensive evaluation, and inter-rater reliability has been found to be excellent. The rationale, nature, reliability and validity of these ratings have been described in detail elsewhere (Heaton et al, , 1994a(Heaton et al, , 1994b(Heaton et al, , 1995.…”

“…HIV-infection can be associated with CNS involvement and changes in neurobehavioral status, particularly in advanced stages of the illness (Bornstein et al, 1992;Grant et al, 1987;Heaton et al, 1995;Stern et al, 1991). Neuroimaging and neuropsychological (NP) studies suggest initial preferential involvement of frontostriatal circuitries, reduction in white matter volumes, and a spotty pattern of mild NP impairments, with increasing structural abnormalities and NP impairment as HIV disease state advances (Heaton et al, 1995;Jernigan et al, 1993;Stout et al, 1998).…”

“…Neuroimaging and neuropsychological (NP) studies suggest initial preferential involvement of frontostriatal circuitries, reduction in white matter volumes, and a spotty pattern of mild NP impairments, with increasing structural abnormalities and NP impairment as HIV disease state advances (Heaton et al, 1995;Jernigan et al, 1993;Stout et al, 1998).…”

A Longitudinal Analysis of the Impact of Physical Activity on Neurocognitive Functioning Among HIV-Infected Adults

“…The present study examined 235 HIV-infected and 56 HIVuninfected community-dwelling adults recruited by the HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program (HNRP) for various cohort studies described elsewhere [42][43][44]. Inclusion criteria for present analyses included having at least two visits with data for both self-reported PA and global neurocognition.…”

Modeling Human Methamphetamine Exposure in Nonhuman Primates: Chronic Dosing in the Rhesus Macaque Leads to Behavioral and Physiological Abnormalities

“…Methamphetamine (METH) abuse can induce neuronal dysfunction and CNS pathology, often in subcortical regions of the brain (Seiden and Ricaurte, 1987;Woolverton et al, 1989;Heaton et al, 1995;Hall et al, 1996;Kieburtz et al, 1996). To date, most studies involving METH administration and the consequent CNS pathology have focused on neurotoxicity in the striatal dopamine projections (Ricaurte et al, 1984;Cadet et al, 1998;Villemagne et al, 1998;Harvey et al, 2000b).…”