The HLD Study of Surfactant Partitioning for Oilfield Corrosion Inhibitors

Kiran, Sumit K.; Nace, V. Mark; Silvestri, Maximilian A.; Monk, Keith A.; Moloney, Jeremy; Schmidt, Loreen; Acosta, Edgar

doi:10.1007/s11743-014-1631-0

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In commercial formulations, co-surfactants are used, and, e.g., hexadecanol, which is a typical co-surfactant in formulations, has been observed in separator water samples . EACN is based on the equivalent alkyl chain length, and crude oil is reported to be in the range of 5–16, while it is 1 for toluene . Various examples of the constants can be found in the literature .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such corrosion inhibitors are reported to increase HLD, i.e., preferring to stabilize water-in-oil droplets. 55 On the contrary, we observe that the CI analyzed herein leads to somewhat increased droplet stability in the toluene−water system, because there are fewer droplet size classes under higher concentrations of CI (Figure 6). This may mean that the HLB index of the specific CI used in our experiment is slightly below 10, which is also indicated by its solubility in water.…”

Section: Droplet Observations Explained By the Hld Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microfluidic Study of Oil Droplet Stability in Produced Water with Combinations of Production Chemicals

2023

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Discharged produced water contains traces of hydrocarbons after separation that might affect the eco-toxicity. These hydrocarbons can be oil droplets that are stabilized by added production chemicals and their combinations. The chemicals highly affect the treatment of the produced water before either reinjection or discharge to the sea. We apply microfluidic droplet generation for rapid evaluation of the synergistic effects of the combinations of production chemicals on the oil droplet stability. The coalescence frequency of dispersed droplets is calculated on the basis of high-speed camera video acquisition. The dispersed phase is either a model oil or a bottomhole crude oil sample, both in an aqueous medium. The individual and combined effects of a commercial demulsifier and a corrosion inhibitor are evaluated on the basis of the hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation theory. The presence of as low as 4 ppm of the water-in-oil demulsifier is demonstrated to stabilize oil-in-water droplets, while the corrosion inhibitor creates droplets in oil–water slug flow fashion. The presence of the corrosion inhibitor in conjunction with the demulsifier results in the droplet adherence to the channel surface. The importance of the right dosage and the right combination of production chemicals is demonstrated. The microfluidic droplet generation technique is a valuable tool for assessing the effects of production chemicals on oil droplet stability.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Droplet Observations Explained By the Hld Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfluidic Study of Oil Droplet Stability in Produced Water with Combinations of Production Chemicals

2023

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“…9. Corrosion inhibition of metallic materials by surfactant adsorption on the surface and wettability change [131,132]. 10.…”

Section: Authormentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation in Surfactant Systems: From-Winsor-to-HLDN

Salager¹,

Márquez²,

Bullón³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Formulation is an ancient concept, although the word has been used only recently. The first formulations made our civilization advance by inventing bronze, steel, and gunpowder; then, it was used in medieval alchemy. When chemistry became a science and with the golden age of organic synthesis, the second formulation period began. This made it possible to create new chemical species and new combinations “à la carte.” However, the research and developments were still carried out by trial and error. Finally, the third period of formulation history began after World War II, when the properties of a system were associated with its ingredients and the way they were assembled or combined. Therefore, the formulation and the systems’ phenomenology were related to the generation of some synergy to obtain a commercial product. Winsor’s formulation studies in the 1950s were enlightening for academy and industries that were studying empirically surfactant-oil-water (SOW) systems. One of its key characteristics was how the interfacial interaction of the adsorbed surfactant with oil and water phases could be equal by varying the physicochemical formulation of the system. Then, Hansen’s solubility parameter in the 1960s helped to reach a further understanding of the affinity of some substances to make them suitable to oil and water phases. In the 1970s, researchers such as Shinoda and Kunieda, and different groups working in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), among them Schechter and Wade’s group at the University of Texas, made formulation become a science by using semiquantitative correlations to attain specific characteristics in a system (e.g., low oil-water interfacial tension, formulation of a stable O/W or W/O emulsion, or high-performance solubilization in a bicontinuous microemulsion system at the so-called optimum formulation). Nowadays, over 40 years of studies with the hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation equation (HLD) have made it feasible for formulators to improve products in many different applications using surfactants to attain a target system using HLD in its original or its normalized form, i.e., HLDN. Thus, it can be said that there is still current progress being made towards an interdisciplinary applied science with numerical guidelines. In the present work, the state-of-the-art of formulation in multiphase systems containing two immiscible phases like oil and water, and therefore systems with heterogeneous or micro-heterogeneous interfaces, is discussed. Surfactants, from simple to complex or polymeric, are generally present in such systems to solve a wide variety of problems in many areas. Some significant cases are presented here as examples dealing with petroleum, foods, pharmaceutics, cosmetics, detergency, and other products occurring as dispersions, emulsions, or foams, that we find in our everyday lives.

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“…Given the wide use of alkyl and alkylphenol ethoxylate surfactants in plastics and elastomers, textiles, agricultural chemicals, paper products, cleaning and personal care products, their octanol-water partition has been studied to assess their presence in living organisms and water [3,5,6]. There has also been interest in the oil and petrochemical industry to predict surfactants' oil-water partition as part of the criteria to evaluate their efficiency in pipe corrosion inhibition applications [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently, the hydrophilic-lipophilic-difference (HLD) has been used to predict changes in the partition of surfactants used as pipeline corrosion inhibitors in the oil industry [8]. Salager et al have also determined that the partition of surfactants in the excess phases of a middle phase microemulsion also correlate well with the values of HLD [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%