The history of water electrolysis from its beginnings to the present

Smolinka, Tom; Bergmann, Henry; Garche, J.; Kusnezoff, Mihails

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819424-9.00010-0

Cited by 32 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…4,5 All three types of electrolyzers are already under commercialization, although even within the same category some concepts are more mature than others: for example, large-scale atmospheric AWEs date back to the start of the twentieth century, whereas designs tailored to pressurized operation only became common in the second half of the twentieth century. 6 Due to the rapidly growing demand for green hydrogen and the different technical characteristics of each electrolysis technology, we expect that each will cater to different applications and geographies and will eventually coexist in the global market. For example, SOEC appears well suited for industrial sites under continuous operation where hightemperature steam is already available.…”

Section: ■ Modern Alkaline Water Electrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water electrolyzers are typically categorized into three main technologies: alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE), and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC). Recent reviews provide thorough descriptions of each technology and compare their technical strengths and weaknesses. , All three types of electrolyzers are already under commercialization, although even within the same category some concepts are more mature than others: for example, large-scale atmospheric AWEs date back to the start of the twentieth century, whereas designs tailored to pressurized operation only became common in the second half of the twentieth century …”

Section: Modern Alkaline Water Electrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Affordable Green Hydrogen from Alkaline Water Electrolysis: Key Research Needs from an Industrial Perspective

Ehlers

Feidenhans’l

Therkildsen³

et al. 2023

ACS Energy Lett.

104

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Hydrogen is poised to play a key role in the energy transition by decarbonizing hard-to-electrify sectors and enabling the storage, transport, and trade of renewable energy. Recent forecasts project a thousand-fold expansion of global water electrolysis capacity as early as 2030. In this context, several electrolysis technologies are likely to coexist in the market, each catering to different applications and geographies. They face the common challenge of decreasing the cost of hydrogen produced, for which energy efficiency is a major but not the only factor. In this Perspective, we dispel common misconceptionsrooted in outdated designsaround alkaline water electrolysis and offer an overview of the main technical pathways to reduce the cost of hydrogen from modern systems already under commercialization. By identifying key research needs, we aim to motivate work into overlooked areas that both offer interesting scientific questions and can contribute to the gigawatt-scale production of green hydrogen in the short- to medium-term.

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Section: ■ Modern Alkaline Water Electrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Modern Alkaline Water Electrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Affordable Green Hydrogen from Alkaline Water Electrolysis: Key Research Needs from an Industrial Perspective

Ehlers

Feidenhans’l

Therkildsen³

et al. 2023

ACS Energy Lett.

104

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“…5 One of the ideal ways to produce CO 2 -free hydrogen is renewable-energy-driven electrochemical water splitting. 6 Although the hydrogen production from water electrolysis is a rather old reaction which can date back to the 1800s, 7 electrocatalytic water splitting has drawn the attention of both industry and academia as the central techniques for a hydrogen energy future only in the past decade. Precious metals, in particular, Pt, Ir, Ru, and their alloys, are believed to be the optimal electrocatalysts in the case of activity and stability.…”

Section: Challenges and Opportunities For Transition Metal Chalcogeni...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mini Review on Transition Metal Chalcogenides for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting: Bridging Material Design and Practical Application

et al. 2023

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Hydrogen is believed to be one of the essential clean secondary energy sources in the energy structure revolution of both industry and daily life. Driven by renewable electricity such as solar and wind power, water electrolysis for hydrogen production is deemed as one of the main processes of green hydrogen production in the future by both academia and industry. Transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) are promising candidates to replace noble metals as earth-abundant electrocatalysts for water splitting. However, it remains challenging to further improve the electrocatalytic activity and long-term stability of TMCs, especially in a practical water electrolyzer. This Review summarizes the recent advances and the strategies of optimizing the electrocatalytic activities of TMCs toward water splitting as well as the latest investigations on the surface reconstructions of TMCs during water electrolysis. The performances of TMCs in practical electrocatalytic water splitting cells are particularly discussed. Finally, a concluding remark and perspective is provided, and we hope to inspire future works in this area, narrowing the gap between material design and practical application.

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“…The growth of the gas bubbles in alkaline water electrolysis is a particularly interesting problem of high practical relevance. Although alkaline water electrolyzers are the most mature technology, they still suffer from low efficiency (Smolinka & Garche 2021) as a considerable part of the losses are caused by generated gas bubbles that block electrocatalytic sites and also raise the Ohmic cell resistance (Angulo et al. 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

H₂ bubble motion reversals during water electrolysis

et al. 2023

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The dynamics of hydrogen bubbles produced by water electrolysis in an acidic electrolyte is studied using electrochemical and optical methods. A defined cyclic modulation of the electric potential is applied at a microelectrode to produce pairs of interacting H $_2$ bubbles in a controlled manner. Three scenarios of interactions are identified and studied systematically. The most prominent one consists of a sudden reversal in the motion of the first detached bubble, its return to the electrode, and finally its coalescence with the second bubble. Attested by Toepler's schlieren technique, an explanation of contactless motion reversal is provided by the competition between buoyancy and thermocapillary effects.

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The history of water electrolysis from its beginnings to the present

Cited by 32 publications

References 125 publications

Affordable Green Hydrogen from Alkaline Water Electrolysis: Key Research Needs from an Industrial Perspective

Affordable Green Hydrogen from Alkaline Water Electrolysis: Key Research Needs from an Industrial Perspective

A Mini Review on Transition Metal Chalcogenides for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting: Bridging Material Design and Practical Application

H₂ bubble motion reversals during water electrolysis

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The history of water electrolysis from its beginnings to the present

Cited by 32 publications

References 125 publications

Affordable Green Hydrogen from Alkaline Water Electrolysis: Key Research Needs from an Industrial Perspective

Affordable Green Hydrogen from Alkaline Water Electrolysis: Key Research Needs from an Industrial Perspective

A Mini Review on Transition Metal Chalcogenides for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting: Bridging Material Design and Practical Application

H2 bubble motion reversals during water electrolysis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

H₂ bubble motion reversals during water electrolysis