The History of Thiamine

Wuest, H

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb30561.x

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…27 , 28 Jolly observed that a similar disorder of memory could also be observed in patients with “senile dementia” and other diseases. 19 , 29 Consistent with these findings, Bonhoeffer proposed to distinguish henceforth between “Korsakoff’s psychosis” (after WE; what is now called KS) and “Korsakoff’s syndrome” (in dementia and other diseases). Soon both labels were used interchangeably.…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Only after the concept of “vital amines” or “vitamins” had evolved (in 1912), and thiamine was isolated (in 1926) and synthesized (in 1936), the etiology of WE and KS could be fully clarified (in 1952). 29 , 30 This knowledge eventually led to a highly effective therapy of WE: thiamine replacement. Although synthetic thiamine had been available for medical use in the 1940s, 29 and proof for the therapeutic effectiveness of thiamine replacement therapy was delivered in 1952, it was not until 1966 that a clear recommendation for thiamine replacement therapy in WE was made.…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 29 , 30 This knowledge eventually led to a highly effective therapy of WE: thiamine replacement. Although synthetic thiamine had been available for medical use in the 1940s, 29 and proof for the therapeutic effectiveness of thiamine replacement therapy was delivered in 1952, it was not until 1966 that a clear recommendation for thiamine replacement therapy in WE was made. 31 This therapy increased the survival of WE patients immensely and created a much larger population of chronic KS patients than was known previously.…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Korsakoff’s syndrome: a critical review

Arts

Walvoort

Kessels

2017

NDT

215

174

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In this review, we present a survey on Korsakoff’s syndrome (KS), a residual syndrome in patients who suffered from a Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) that is predominantly characterized by global amnesia, and in more severe cases also by cognitive and behavioral dysfunction. We describe the history of KS and its definition, its epidemiology, and the lack of consensus criteria for its diagnosis. The cognitive and behavioral symptoms of KS, which include anterograde and retrograde amnesia, executive dysfunction, confabulation, apathy, as well as affective and social-cognitive impairments, are discussed. Moreover, recent insights into the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms of these symptoms are presented. In addition, the evidence so far on the etiology of KS is examined, highlighting the role of thiamine and alcohol and discussing the continuity hypothesis. Furthermore, the neuropathology of KS is reviewed, focusing on abnormalities in the diencephalon, including the mammillary bodies and thalamic nuclei. Pharmacological treatment options and nonpharmacological interventions, such as those based on cognitive rehabilitation, are discussed. Our review shows that thiamine deficiency (TD) is a crucial factor in the etiology of KS. Although alcohol abuse is by far the most important context in which TD occurs, there is no convincing evidence for an essential contribution of ethanol neurotoxicity (EN) to the development of WE or to the progression of WE to KS. Future research on the postmortem histopathological analysis of brain tissues of KS patients is crucial for the advancement of our knowledge of KS, especially for associating its symptoms with lesions in various thalamic nuclei. A necessary requirement for the advancement of studies on KS is the broad acceptance of a comprehensive definition and definite diagnostic criteria. Therefore, in this review, we propose such a definition of KS and draft outlines for prospective diagnostic criteria.

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Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Korsakoff’s syndrome: a critical review

Arts

Walvoort

Kessels

2017

NDT

215

174

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“…Robert Runnels Williams in the years 1933–1936 clarified the chemical structure of thiamine and developed a method for its synthesis beyond living organism. He also proposed the name “thiamine”, reflecting the presence of both sulfur and the amino group in the molecule [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thiamine and selected thiamine antivitamins — biological activity and methods of synthesis

et al. 2018

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Thiamine plays a very important coenzymatic and non-coenzymatic role in the regulation of basic metabolism. Thiamine diphosphate is a coenzyme of many enzymes, most of which occur in prokaryotes. Pyruvate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes as well as transketolase are the examples of thiamine-dependent enzymes present in eukaryotes, including human. Therefore, thiamine is considered as drug or diet supplement which can support the treatment of many pathologies including neurodegenerative and vascular system diseases. On the other hand, thiamine antivitamins, which can interact with thiamine-dependent enzymes impeding their native functions, thiamine transport into the cells or a thiamine diphosphate synthesis, are good propose to drug design. The development of organic chemistry in the last century allowed the synthesis of various thiamine antimetabolites such as amprolium, pyrithiamine, oxythiamine, or 3-deazathiamine. Results of biochemical and theoretical chemistry research show that affinity to thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzymes of these synthetic molecules exceeds the affinity of native coenzyme. Therefore, some of them have already been used in the treatment of coccidiosis (amprolium), other are extensively studied as cytostatics in the treatment of cancer or fungal infections (oxythiamine and pyrithiamine). This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning the synthesis and mechanisms of action of selected thiamine antivitamins and indicates the potential of their practical use.

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“…Eijkman and his associate Gerrit Grijns determined that the rice polishings removed during grain refinement contained an essential nutrient that was distinct from macronutrients. In 1911, the Polish biochemist Casimir Funk isolated the "anti-polyneuritis factor" from rice bran [2,3]. In 1934, Robert Williams elucidated the structure of thiamin and showed that it consists of a pyrimidine ring linked via a methylene bridge to a thiazole ring with methyl and hydroxyethyl side groups [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thiamin Status and Supplementation in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus and its Vascular Comorbidities

Moss¹

2013

Vitam Miner

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The water soluble B vitamin, thiamin, in its coenzyme form as thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), is necessary for key reactions in glucose metabolism. For this reason, associations between thiamin status or thiamin supplementation and diabetes have been the focus of recent research. Currently, it is not clear how occurrence of diabetes relates to parameters of thiamin status, such as plasma thiamin levels. However, there is strong evidence that the diabetic state increases urinary thiamin excretion and decreases the activity of transketolase (TK), a TPP-dependent enzyme of the hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt in various body tissues. Impairment of TK activity and subsequent downregulation of the HMP shunt activates several pathways that contribute to vascular damage and development of diabetes-related comorbidities such as retinopathy, cardiomyopathy, and nephropathy. Thiamin supplementation has been shown to be effective in restoring TK activity in animal models of diabetes, and in type 1 and type 2 diabetic individuals. Thiamin supplementation has also been shown to be effective in preventing or reversing, either partially or completely, hyperglycemia-induced damage to vascular endothelial cells, and microalbuminuria associated with diabetic nephropathy. Here, we review from current literature examining the relationship between diabetes and thiamin status as well as intervention trials evaluating the effect of thiamin supplementation on glycemic control and prevention of vascular comorbidities of diabetes.

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The History of Thiamine

Cited by 20 publications

References 3 publications

Korsakoff’s syndrome: a critical review

Korsakoff’s syndrome: a critical review

Thiamine and selected thiamine antivitamins — biological activity and methods of synthesis

Thiamin Status and Supplementation in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus and its Vascular Comorbidities

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The History of Thiamine

Cited by 20 publications

References 3 publications

Korsakoff&rsquo;s syndrome: a critical review

Korsakoff&rsquo;s syndrome: a critical review

Thiamine and selected thiamine antivitamins — biological activity and methods of synthesis

Thiamin Status and Supplementation in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus and its Vascular Comorbidities

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Product

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About

Korsakoff’s syndrome: a critical review

Korsakoff’s syndrome: a critical review