The History of the Discovery and Development of Cyclosporine (Sandimmune®)

Borel, J. F.; Kis, Zsuzsa; Beveridge, T.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-9846-6_2

Cited by 71 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Discovery of the immunosuppressive properties of the calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) ciclosporin by Borel in 1976, 1 and its introduction to the clinical arena by Calne in 1978, 2 heralded a new era in kidney transplantation. Randomized controlled studies from the early 1980s showed ciclosporin was associated with either significant reductions in absolute acute rejection rates or more "benign" presentations of rejection compared with azathioprine, the mainstay immunosuppressant hitherto.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta-Analysis of Calcineurin-Inhibitor-Sparing Regimens in Kidney Transplantation

Sharif

Shabir

Chand

et al. 2011

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

126

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Calcineurin-inhibitor-sparing strategies in kidney transplantation may spare patients the adverse effects of these drugs, but the efficacy of these strategies is unknown. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis to assess outcomes associated with reducing calcineurin inhibitor exposure from the time of transplantation. We search Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials for randomized controlled trials published between 1966 and 2010 that compared de novo calcineurin-inhibitor-sparing regimens to calcineurin-inhibitor-based regimens. In this analysis, we include 56 studies comprising data from 11337 renal transplant recipients. Use of the contemporary agents belatacept or tofacitinib, in combination with mycophenolate, decreased the odds of overall graft failure (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.39 -0.96; P ϭ 0.03). Similarly, minimization of calcineurin inhibitors in combination with various induction and adjunctive agents reduces the odds of graft failure (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.58 -0.92; P ϭ 0.009). Conversely, the use of inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), in combination with mycophenolate, increases the odds of graft failure (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.08 -1.90; P ϭ 0.01). Calcineurin-inhibitor-sparing strategies are associated with less delayed graft function (OR 0.89; 95% CI 0.80 -0.98; P ϭ 0.02), improved graft function, and less new-onset diabetes. The more contemporary protocols did not seem to increase rates of acute rejection. In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggests that reducing exposure to calcineurin inhibitors immediately after kidney transplantation may improve clinical outcomes.

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confidence: 99%

Meta-Analysis of Calcineurin-Inhibitor-Sparing Regimens in Kidney Transplantation

Sharif

Shabir

Chand

et al. 2011

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

126

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“…Frey, a researcher at the Swiss pharmaceutical company Sandoz (now called Novartis) brought back a sample of soil from his holiday at Hardanger Vidda in Norway [22]. This soil would, more than 10 years later, lead to an astounding development in the field of medicine.…”

Section: Dawn Of a New Era: The Arrival Of "Cyclosporine"mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Contribution of Pharmacological Agents in the History of Organ Transplantation

Kawakami¹

2013

Pharm Anal Acta

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“…Cyclosporin was isolated in 1970, by Jean François Borel at Sandoz Laboratories (Basel, Switzerland), from the soil fungus Tolypocladium inflatum (Borel et al, 1995;Amor et al, 2010). The compound was initially identified as a possible antifungal agent, but it was subsequently shown to have limited antifungal activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%