The History of the Development of the Cerebellar Examination

Fine, Edward J.; Ionita, Catalina C.; Lohr, Linda A.

doi:10.1055/s-2002-36759

Cited by 158 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The cerebellum is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control, and contributes toward coordination, precision, and timing of movements (Fine et al, 2002). Therefore, damage to the cerebellum, as observed in UAC mice, may justify the abnormal motor control, movements, and muscle tone observed in these mice, as well as in hUGT1 mice (Fujiwara et al, 2010;Vogel et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Myelination and Increased Glia Reactivity Resulting from Severe Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

et al. 2015

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Bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND) and kernicterus has been used to describe moderate to severe neurologic dysfunction observed in children exposed to excessive levels of total serum bilirubin (TSB) during the neonatal period. Here we use a new mouse model that targets deletion of the Ugt1 locus and the Ugt1a1 gene in liver to promote hyperbilirubinemiainduced seizures and central nervous system toxicity. The accumulation of TSB in these mice leads to diffuse yellow coloration of brain tissue and a marked cerebellar hypoplasia that we characterize as kernicterus. Histologic studies of brain tissue demonstrate that the onset of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, characterized by seizures, leads to alterations in myelination and glia reactivity. Kernicterus presents as axonopathy with myelination deficits at different brain regions, including pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum. The excessive accumulation of TSB in the early neonatal period (5 days after birth) promotes activation of the myelin basic protein (Mbp) gene with an accelerated loss of MBP that correlates with a lack of myelin sheath formation. These changes were accompanied by increased astroglial and microglial reactivity, possibly as a response to myelination injury. Interestingly, cerebellum was the area most affected, with greater myelination impairment and glia burden, and showing a marked loss of Purkinje cells and reduced arborization of the remaining ones. Thus, kernicterus in this model displays not only axonal damage but also myelination deficits and glial activation in different brain regions that are usually related to the neurologic sequelae observed after severe hyperbilirubinemia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Myelination and Increased Glia Reactivity Resulting from Severe Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

et al. 2015

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“…These toxins may adversely affect the cerebellum directly or as part of a more generalized brain effects (Jomova et al, 2011). Findings from other studies, show that the cerebellar neurodegeneration will lead to lesions of the cerebellum giving rise to signs and symptoms generally called cerebellar syndromes which include muscular hypotonia, intentional tremor, nystagmus, scanning speech and ataxic gait (Fine et al, 2002;Gemma et al, 2007;Wolf et al, 2009). The present study has shown that ascorbic acid has an ameliorative effect on the cerebellum of the experimental animals induced toxicity of the mercury chloride.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of ascorbic acid on mercury-induced changes on the histomorphology of the cerebellum of adult wistar rats

Ao¹,

Aa²,

Ayuba³

et al. 2014

Afr. J. Cell. Path

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Aim: The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of ascorbic acid on mercury-induced changes on the cerebellar cortex of adult Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty adult Wistar rats of average weight of 200g were randomly divided into 6 groups of 5 rats each. The animals in Group 1 (control) were administered with distilled water, Groups 2 and 3 were administered with 52mg/kg and 26.25mg/kg body weight of HgCl 2 respectively while Groups 4 and 5 were administered with 52mg/kg of HgCl 2 and 5mg/kg of ascorbic acid and 26.25gm/kg of HgCl 2 and 5mg/kg of ascorbic acid respectively, while Group 6 was administered with 5mg/kg of ascorbic acid. The administration was through the oral route, daily for 3 weeks and the animals were humanely sacrificed. Thereafter, blood and tissue samples were harvested for analysis. Results: The result of the biochemical parameters showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in the mean SOD and LPO values after the administration of mercuric chloride and ascorbic acid. Histological observation of the cerebellar cortex showed normal histo-morphology in Groups 1 and 6 while, the cerebellum in Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 showed some degenerative, necrotic and cellular changes. Conclusion: Ascorbic acid administration has shown to ameliorate the induced degenerative changes in the cerebellum caused by mercuric chloride toxicity in Wistar rats.

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“…It receives input from sensory systems of the spinal cord and from other regions of the brain and integrates them to fine tune motor activity. Patients suffered from cerebellar damage have disorders in fine movement, equilibrium, posture and motor learning [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells vs. Estradiol Benzoate or Avosoya on the Cerebellar Cortex of Ovariectomized Adult Albino Rats

Ahmed¹,

Abdelrahman²,

Shalaby³

2017

J Cytol Histol

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Alterations in hormone levels during menopause affect cognitive function and brain chemistry. Stem cell therapy in nervous system disorders is a growing field. The present research aimed to compare the effect of MSCs with that of estradiol benzoate or avosoya on the cerebellum of ovariectomized rats. Fifty eight adult female Wistar albino rats were classified into five groups. Control group (Group I) and four ovariectomized groups. Group II (ovariectomized rats received no treatment), Group III (injected subcutaneously with estradiol benzoate), Group IV (received avosoya orally) and Group V (treated with human umbilical cord blood derived mesenchymal stem cells [HUCBMSCs]). Cerebellar sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and cresyl fast violet. Immunoperoxidase reaction of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), estrogen receptor beta (Erβ) and Bax protein was also done. HUCBMSCs homing in rat cerebellum were detected by human albumin gene. Antioxidant enzyme levels were also measured in cerebellum homogenate. Decreased density of neurons in the three cortical layers with vacuolations and distorted Purkinje cells with pyknotic nuclei were observed in Group II. Group III cerebellar cortex showed normal architecture but some Purkinje cells had pyknotic nuclei. Group IV showed normal neuronal cells in the three cortical layers. Group V Purkinje cells were pyriform with vesicular nuclei, and basophilic cytoplasm. Small rounded cells with deeply stained nuclei appeared in the granular layer. In conclusion: estradiol benzoate and avosoya improve ovariectomy-induced cerebellar alteration, and MSCs show promising results in this field.

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The History of the Development of the Cerebellar Examination

Cited by 158 publications

References 11 publications

Reduced Myelination and Increased Glia Reactivity Resulting from Severe Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

Reduced Myelination and Increased Glia Reactivity Resulting from Severe Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

The effect of ascorbic acid on mercury-induced changes on the histomorphology of the cerebellum of adult wistar rats

Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells vs. Estradiol Benzoate or Avosoya on the Cerebellar Cortex of Ovariectomized Adult Albino Rats

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