The History of the Development of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Dotson, Jennifer L.; Brown, Robert T.

doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2007.04.003

Cited by 47 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…T estosterone, first isolated in 1935, is the principal androgen controlling the development of the male body. 1 Testosterone exerts its virilizing effects on the androgen receptor directly and indirectly via reduction to 5a-dihydrotestosterone. 2 In addition, testosterone has anabolic effects, in which nitrogen is differentially retained in lean body mass, resulting in increased muscle size and bone metabolism.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy Testosterone Use Among Bodybuilders

Westerman

Charchenko

Ziegelmann

et al. 2016

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

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confidence: 99%

Heavy Testosterone Use Among Bodybuilders

Westerman

Charchenko

Ziegelmann

et al. 2016

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

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“…The term anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) is used to group the naturally occurring male sex hormone testosterone, testosterone precursors and metabolites, and sometimes also (synthetically) produced testosterone variants [13,14]. 'Anabolic' refers to the muscle-building capacity, 'androgenic' refers to increased male sexual characteristics and 'steroid' refers to the class of these compounds (Section 1.1).…”

Section: Anabolic-androgenic Steroids (Aas)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Endogenous Steroids and Steroid Abuse in (Race) Horses and Human Athletes

Anneleen¹,

Anita²,

Vanhaecke³

2017

Mass Spectrometry

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The higher the pressure to win, the more athletes are inclined to take steps to improve one's performance through questionable means. To minimize this, strict anti-doping and medication rules are being enforced. All human and equine athletes are regularly subjected to doping analysis to prevent abuse of forbidden substances from affecting their performance. Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) have been part of the forbidden substances list for years, because of their muscle building and performance-enhancing capacities and possible side effects. For most of the AAS, zero-tolerance is held. However, some AASs can be endogenous to the athletes, such as for example testosterone in males. These endogenous steroids can render it very difficult to reveal steroid abuse. Specific mass spectrometric (MS) methods, including ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-MS (UHPLC-MS/MS), high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio MS (GC-C-IRMS), have been put forward to overcome these analytical difficulties. Currently, high-tech metabolomic methods are being used to build athlete specific biological passports. In the near future, these passports might allow putting a stop to abuse, by staying ahead of the cheats. These are bright prospects, leading towards clean and fair sports competitions worldwide.

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“…First identified in 1935, testosterone is the principal hormone controlling the development of androgenic masculinizing effects in the male body, along with its anabolic properties that increase lean muscle mass [1]. The anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are testosterone derivatives that were developed in 1950 in an attempt to maximize anabolic and minimize androgenic effects of testosterone, reduce the rate of its hepatic inactivation and decrease its aromatization to estradiol [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of anabolic androgenic steroids on the reproductive system of athletes

Christou¹,

Christou²,

Tsatsoulis³

et al. 2017

EJEA

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Background Use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) to improve athletic performance may affect the reproductive system, leading to changes in sex hormone blood levels and hypogonadism. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to critically assess the impact of AAS use on the reproductive system of athletes. Methods An electronic literature search was conducted using the databases MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and Google Scholar. Studies were included when the following criteria were fulfilled: participants were athletes of any age, gender, level or type of sport; subjects used any type, dose, form or duration of AAS; AAS effects on the reproductive system of athletes, were assessed as stated by medical history, clinical examination, hormone and/or semen analysis. Random-effects metaanalysis was performed to assess the weighted mean difference of serum gonadotropin (LH, FSH) and testosterone levels compared to baseline, during the period of AAS use, as well as following AAS discontinuation. Results Thirty-three studies (3 randomized clinical trials, 11 cohort, 18 cross-sectional and 1 non-randomized parallel clinical trial) were included in the systematic review (3,879 participants; 1,766 AAS users and 2,113 non-AAS users). The majority of the participants were men; only 6 studies provided data for female athletes. A meta-analysis was conducted, of studies evaluating serum gonadotropin and testosterone levels in male subjects: (1) prior to, and during AAS use (6 studies, n=65 AAS users; 7 studies, n=59, evaluating gonadotropin and testosterone levels respectively), (2) during AAS use and following AAS discontinuation (4 studies, n=35; 6 studies, n=39, respectively), as well as (3) prior to AAS use and following AAS discontinuation (3 studies, n=17; 5 studies, n=27, respectively). During AAS intake, significant reductions in LH (WMD:-3.37 IU/l, 95% CI:-5.05 to-1.70, p <0.001), FSH (WMD:-1.73 IU/l, 95%CI:-2.67 to-0.79, p <0.001) and endogenous testosterone levels (WMD:-10.75 nmol/l, 95% CI:-15.01 to-6.49, p<0.001) were reported. Following AAS discontinuation, serum gonadotropin levels gradually returned to baseline values, whereas serum testosterone levels remained lower as compared to baseline (WMD:-9.40 nmol/l, 95% CI:-14.38 to-4.42, p<0.001). In addition, AAS abuse resulted in structural and functional sperm changes, reduction of testicular volume, gynecomastia, as well as clitoromegaly, menstrual irregularities and subfertility. Conclusion The majority of AAS users demonstrated hypogonadism with persistently low gonadotropin and testosterone levels, lasting for several weeks to months after AAS withdrawal. AAS use results in profound and prolonged effects on the reproductive system of athletes and potentially on fertility. 3 Running Title: Anabolic androgenic steroids use and reproduction Key points This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis, of the effects of AAS use on the reproductive system of athletes. AAS use results in a state of prolonged hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in males; gonadotrop...

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The History of the Development of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Cited by 47 publications

References 13 publications

Heavy Testosterone Use Among Bodybuilders

Heavy Testosterone Use Among Bodybuilders

Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Endogenous Steroids and Steroid Abuse in (Race) Horses and Human Athletes

Effects of anabolic androgenic steroids on the reproductive system of athletes

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