The history of some fundamental concepts in bone biomechanics

Roesler, Hélio

doi:10.1016/0021-9290(87)90020-0

Cited by 161 publications

(75 citation statements)

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“…It was not stated in those terms then, but this is clearly what he was on to. Nothing else ' but what nowadays would be described as a biological control process ' (Roesler, 1987). Although this sounds quite reasonable in our time, in which regulatory processes and control theory are well known, it hardly moved the scientific community in bone biology.…”

Section: '  mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…From the results, Wolff concluded that trabecular morphology matches the stress trajectories, which proposition is now called his ' trajectorial hypothesis ', basically the gist of what Wolff 's Law entails. But out of this ' Law ', blended with theories from others, eventually grew the paradigm that bones were formed as mechanically optimal structures of maximal strength and minimal weight, in accordance with particular mathematical rules (Roesler, 1987). Thus, trabecular architecture would be an answer to requirements of structural optimisation.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Many authors pointed at Wolff 's incorrect understanding of both mechanics and biology, and revealed inconsistencies in his theories, already in his own time (see Treharne, 1981 ;Roesler, 1987 ;Dibbits, 1992 ;Cowin, 1997). Culmann's Graphical Statics model for analysis of stress transfer in solids (Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Roesler (1987), when reviewing historical concepts of bone biomechanics for contemporary biomechanicians, wrote that ' One approach has to do with the attempt to find appropriate parameters by which structural and geometrical properties can be described under a moreor-less general principle, as has been done by Wolff, suggesting the trajectorial hypothesis. Another approach is the attempt to understand the process by which structural and geometrical properties evolve under given external conditions set by the environment. '…”

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If bone is the answer, then what is the question?

2000

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In the 19th century, several scientists attempted to relate bone trabecular morphology to its mechanical, load-bearing function. It was suggested that bone architecture was an answer to requirements of optimal stress transfer, pairing maximal strength to minimal weight, according to particular mathematical design rules. Using contemporary methods of analysis, stress transfer in bones was studied and compared with anatomical specimens, from which it was hypothesised that trabecular architecture is associated with stress trajectories. Others focused on the biological processes by which trabecular architectures are formed and on the question of how bone could maintain the relationship between external load and architecture in a variable functional environment. Wilhelm Roux introduced the principle of functional adaptation as a selforganising process based in the tissues. Julius Wolff, anatomist and orthopaedic surgeon, entwined these 3 issues in his book The Law of Bone Remodeling (translation), which set the stage for biomechanical research goals in our day. ' Wolff 's Law ' is a question rather than a law, asking for the requirements of structural optimisation. In this article, based on finite element analysis (FEA) results of stress transfer in bones, it is argued that it was the wrong question, putting us on the wrong foot. The maximal strength\minimal weight principle does not provide a rationale for architectural formation or adaptation ; the similarity between trabecular orientation and stress trajectories is circumstantial, not causal. Based on computer simulations of bone remodelling as a regulatory process, governed by mechanical usage and orchestrated by osteocyte mechanosensitivity, it is shown that Roux's paradigm, conversely, is a realistic proposition. Put in a quantitative regulatory context, it can predict both trabecular formation and adaptation. Hence, trabecular architecture is not an answer to Wolff 's question, in the sense of this article's title. There are no mathematical optimisation rules for bone architecture ; there is just a biological regulatory process, producing a structure adapted to mechanical demands by the nature of its characteristics, adequate for evolutionary endurance. It is predicted that computer simulation of this process can help us to unravel its secrets.

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Section: '  mentioning

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If bone is the answer, then what is the question?

2000

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“…These data lead to the belief that the periodontium underwent functional adaptation, having adapted to a pathological state due to significant changes in the magnitude, frequency of event and change in direction of the force vectors of the occlusal demand 18,19 . Thus, it may be hypothesized that the 1 st lower molar of the animals may have undergone functional adaptation due to possible tooth migration or inclination involving force vectors 20 , permitting control of the damage during the applied experimental period (14, 21 and 28 days).…”

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of bone loss due to primary occlusal trauma in two experimental models of occlusal overload

Lopes

Téo

Corrêa

et al. 2016

Rev. odontol. UNESP

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ResumoIntrodução: Trauma oclusal primário (TO) é a injúria causada no periodonto de inserção de dentes com periodonto de altura normal devido a forças oclusais que excedem sua capacidade adaptativa. Objetivo: Avaliar histometricamente a reabsorção óssea alveolar na região da furca do 1º molar inferior em ratos submetidos experimentalmente a 2 modelos de sobrecarga oclusal. Material e método: 45 animais aleatoriamente divididos em 3 Grupos: Interferência Oclusal (GI, n = 15) -fixação de um segmento de fio ortodôntico na face oclusal do 1º molar inferior; Sobrecarga Oclusal (GS, n = 15) -desgaste das cúspides dos molares inferiores contralaterais e dos 2º e 3º molares do lado do 1º molar que teve suas dimensões mantidas; Grupo Controle Negativo (CN, n = 15) -avaliação das dimensões iniciais do ligamento periodontal. Cinco animais/grupo foram submetidos à eutanásia após 14, 21 e 28 dias. Resultado: A avaliação intergrupos mostrou que houve reabsorção óssea significativa em GI (p<0,001) e GS (p<0,01) quando comparados com CN. O grupo GI teve reabsorção óssea significativamente maior quando comparado ao grupo GS em 14 (p<0,01), 21 (p<0,01) e 28 dias (p<0,01). A avaliação intragrupos não mostrou influência significativa do tempo na reabsorção óssea em GI e GS, independente da técnica utilizada (p>0,05). A espessura do ligamento periodontal manteve-se estável no grupo CN (p>0,05). Conclusão: GI e GS foram eficazes na reprodução experimental do TO e GI promoveu maior reabsorção óssea alveolar quando comparado a GS, mostrando que o impacto causado pela sobrecarga oclusal no grupo GI aumentou a lesão por TO.Descritores: Reabsorção óssea; oclusão dental; ferimentos e lesões; ratos. AbstractIntroduction: Primary occlusal trauma (OT) is an injury of the periodontium with normal height as a result of occlusal forces which exceed their adaptive capacity. Objective: To evaluate, histometrically, the alveolar bone loss in the furcation region of rats experimentally submitted to 2 models of occlusal overload. Material and method: 45 animals randomly divided into 3 groups: Occlusal Interference (OI, n = 15) -fixing an orthodontic wire segment on the occlusal surface of the first lower molar; Occlusal Overload (OO, n = 15) -wearing of the cusps of the lower contralateral molars, the second and third molars next to the first molar that had its dimensions maintained; Negative Control (NC, n = 15) -evaluation of the initial dimensions of the periodontal ligament (PL). Five animals / group were sacrificed after 14, 21 and 28 days. Result: Intergroup evaluation showed significant bone loss in OI (p<0.001) and OO (p<0.01) compared to NC. OI had significantly higher bone loss compared to OO at 14 (p<0.01), 21 (p <0.01) and 28 days (p<0.01). The intragroup evaluation showed no significant influence of time on bone loss in OI and OO, regardless of the technique used (p>0.05). The thickness of the PL remained stable in NC (p>0.05). Conclusion: OI and OO were effective in the experimental reproduction of OT, and OI promoted greater alveolar b...

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Thickness distribution of the subchondral mineralization zone of the trochlear notch and its correlation with the cartilage thickness: an expression of functional adaptation to mechanical stress acting on the humeroulnar joint?

Milz¹,

Eckstein²,

Putz³

1997

Anat. Rec.

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Background: The thickness of cortical bone and the density of cancellous bone have been shown to reflect local mechanical stress. However, little is known whether this also applies to the thickness of the subchondral mineralization zone (SMZ). Since the humeroulnar joint may be regarded as a model of bicentric load transmission, we examined the thickness distribution of the SMZ of the trochlear notch. Methods Fourteen trochlear notches were examined. Eight joint surfaces of these ulnae were completely divided, 4 incompletely subdivided, and 2 remained undivided. After embedding, sagittal sections were prepared. The thickness distributions of SMZ and cartilage were measured, graphically reconstructed, and the correlation between the two calculated for each joint. Results The thickness of the SMZ lies between 120 and 1,400 μm. Regular patterns were observed with ventral and dorsal maxima, with close correlation between the type of joint and the thickness distribution of the SMZ. The cartilage thickness varied between 350 and 2,000 μm. The pattern of cartilage thickness differed significantly from that of the SMZ. The mean correlation coefficient between SMZ and cartilage thickness was 0.3. Conclusions The SMZ thickness depends upon the type of joint and appears to be an expression of the local loading history of the SMZ. The bicentric transmission of force at the humeroulnar joint is reflected in the bicentric distribution of SMZ thickness. A possible explanation for the different distributions of SMZ and cartilage could be the differing types of local mechanical stress acting on bone and cartilage, and/or the different reactions of osteocytes and chondrocytes. Anat. Rec. 248:189–197, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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The history of some fundamental concepts in bone biomechanics

Cited by 161 publications

References 29 publications

If bone is the answer, then what is the question?

If bone is the answer, then what is the question?

Evaluation of bone loss due to primary occlusal trauma in two experimental models of occlusal overload

Thickness distribution of the subchondral mineralization zone of the trochlear notch and its correlation with the cartilage thickness: an expression of functional adaptation to mechanical stress acting on the humeroulnar joint?

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