The History of Ozone. Part III

Rubin, M. B.

doi:10.1002/hlca.200390111

Cited by 33 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…Martinus van Marum noted in 1785 "the odour of electrical matter," and determined that air and oxygen subjected to electrical discharges tarnished mercury, but he did not identify the gas as an allotrope of oxygen. During electrolysis experiment in 1839, Christian Schönbein attributed a similar odour to a substance which he named "ozone," from the Greek ozien, "to smell" (Rubin, 2001). Today, lightning is known to produce very little O 3 (and N 2 O).…”

Section: Other Trace Species From Lightningmentioning

confidence: 99%

The global lightning-induced nitrogen oxides source

2007

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Abstract. The knowledge of the lightning-induced nitrogen oxides (LNO x ) source is important for understanding and predicting the nitrogen oxides and ozone distributions in the troposphere and their trends, the oxidising capacity of the atmosphere, and the lifetime of trace gases destroyed by reactions with OH. This knowledge is further required for the assessment of other important NO x sources, in particular from aviation emissions, the stratosphere, and from surface sources, and for understanding the possible feedback between climate changes and lightning. This paper reviews more than 3 decades of research. The review includes laboratory studies as well as surface, airborne and satellite-based observations of lightning and of NO x and related species in the atmosphere. Relevant data available from measurements in regions with strong LNO x influence are identified, including recent observations at midlatitudes and over tropical continents where most lightning occurs. Various methods to model LNO x at cloud scales or globally are described. Previous estimates are re-evaluated using the global annual mean flash frequency of 44±5 s −1 reported from OTD satellite data. From the review, mainly of airborne measurements near thunderstorms and cloud-resolving models, we conclude that a "typical" thunderstorm flash produces 15 (2-40)×10 25 NO molecules per flash, equivalent to 250 mol NO x or 3.5 kg of N mass per flash with uncertainty factor from 0.13 to 2.7. Mainly as a result of global model studies for various LNO x parameterisations tested with related observations, the best estimate of the annual global LNO x nitrogen mass source and its uncertainty range is (5±3) Tg a −1 in this study. In spite of a smaller global flash rate, the best estimate is essentially the same as in some earlier reviews, implying larger flash-specific NO x emissions. The paper estimates the LNO x accuracy required for various applications and lays out strategies for improving estimates in the future. An accuracy of Correspondence to: U. Schumann (ulrich.schumann@dlr.de) about 1 Tg a −1 or 20%, as necessary in particular for understanding tropical tropospheric chemistry, is still a challenging goal.

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Section: Other Trace Species From Lightningmentioning

confidence: 99%

The global lightning-induced nitrogen oxides source

2007

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“…In ACCMIP, simulated preindustrial ozone was compared with ozone levels determined from the so-called Schönbein papers [14]. Soon after the discovery of ozone in 1839, Schönbein explored whether ozone was present in ambient air [22]. He developed a method based on paper strips impregnated with starch-iodide that show a characteristic color when exposed to ozone.…”

Section: Ozone Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tropospheric Ozone at Northern Mid-Latitudes: Modeled and Measured Long-Term Changes

et al. 2017

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Abstract:In this paper, we investigate why current state-of-the-art chemistry-climate models underestimate the tropospheric ozone increase from the 1950s to the 1990s by approximately 50%. The accuracy of these models is vital, not only for understanding and predicting air quality globally, but also since they are used to quantify the contribution of ozone in the troposphere and lower stratosphere to climate change, where its greenhouse effect is largest. We briefly describe available northern mid-latitude ozone measurements, which include representative and reliable data from European sites that extend back to the 1950s. We use the SOCOLv3 (Solar Climate Ozone Links version 3) global chemistry-climate model to investigate the individual terms of the tropospheric ozone budget. These include: inflow from the stratosphere, dry deposition, and chemical formation and destruction. For 1960 to 2000 SOCOLv3 indicates a tropospheric ozone increase at 850 hPa over the Swiss Alps (Arosa) of 17 ppb, or around 30%. This increase is smaller than that seen in the surface ozone measurements but similar to other chemistry-climate models, including those with more complex NMVOC (Non Methane Volatile Organic Compound) schemes than SOCOLv3's. It is likely that the underestimated increase in tropospheric ozone could be explained by issues in the underlying emissions inventories used in the model simulations, with ozone precursor emissions, particularly NO x (NO + NO 2 ), from the 1960s being too large.

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“…Em 1839, ele conseguiu isolar o produto químico gasoso e nomeou-o de ozônio, da palavra grega ozein (ὄζειν) que significa cheirar. [Rubin, 2008;Soret, 1865;Kogoma e Okazak, 1994] O O3 ou trioxigênio é um alótropo triatômico do oxigênio muito menos estável que o diatômico O2. Forma-se quando as moléculas de oxigênio O2 se rompem principalmente devido à radiação ultravioleta que vem do sol, e os átomos separados combinam-se individualmente com outras moléculas de O2.…”

Section: Ozôniounclassified