The History of Licensure of Psychologists in the United States and Canada.

Reaves, Randolph P.

doi:10.1037/11477-002

Cited by 13 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…American states, Canadian provinces, and territories in both countries are the governments that approve entities responsible for regulating most occupations and professions within their respective jurisdictions, including the practice of psychology (DeMers & Schaffer, 2012). Historical and other information about the regulation of professional psychology is described in more detail elsewhere (e.g., DeMers & Shaffer, 2012;DeMers, Webb, & Horn, 2014;Reaves, 2006). Similarly, articles written over the past few decades concerned with licensure of I-O psychologists are instructive (e.g., Campion, 1996;Howard & Lowman, 1985;Howell, 1986;Macey, 2002;Reynolds, 2012;Sackett, 1986;Sackett et al, 1995;Schmitt, 1991;Silzer et al, 2009;Thayer & Goldstein, 1991;Thayer & Hirsch, 1986;Tippins, 2006;Vandaveer, 1991).…”

Section: Considerations About the Regulation Of Professional Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Occupations and professions doing similar work squabble over who can do what (Kleiner, 2015). It is interesting to note that organized medicine opposed early efforts to pass psychology licensing laws (Reaves, 2006), which seems to be an example of anticompetitive behavior by the physicians. From that perspective, licensure of psychologists would likely be applauded by some critics of occupational regulation because it provides more options for patients with certain health or mental health needs (i.e., competitive regulation may be better than a monopoly).…”

Section: General Concerns About Licensurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to concerns from a practice perspective, there are also concerns about potential implications of licensure raised by academics. Academic psychologists initially opposed licensure of psychologists because they were concerned about potentially restrictive curricula requirements and threats to academic freedom (Reaves, 2006). Some I-O psychologists have also objected to licensure on the grounds of the need for freedom and flexibility (e.g., Campbell, Levy, Murphy, Schmitt, & Weiss, 2009;Howell, 1986;Thayer & Goldstein, 1991).…”

Section: Concerns About Licensure Of I-o and Consulting Psychologistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Licensure Issue in Consulting and I-O Psychology: A Discussion Paper

Jelley¹

2017

Ind. Organ. Psychol.

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The Licensure of Consulting and Industrial–Organizational (I-O) Psychologists (LCIOP) Joint Task Force has been examining the controversial issue of licensing I-O and consulting psychologists since 2014. We argue that constructive engagement with licensure is important for setting the future direction of the laws and regulations that govern professional psychology. We review relevant background information, current pressures on regulators, and recent developments in this area. We outline recommendations for jurisdictions’ regulators as well the I-O and consulting psychology communities to consider, discuss, and possibly act on. Others are invited to join the constructive, sometimes vigorous discussions we have enjoyed within the LCIOP Joint Task Force.

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Section: Considerations About the Regulation Of Professional Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Concerns About Licensurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Concerns About Licensure Of I-o and Consulting Psychologistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Licensure Issue in Consulting and I-O Psychology: A Discussion Paper

Jelley¹

2017

Ind. Organ. Psychol.

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“…Although the earliest roots of psychology's journey as a profession can be traced back a good century or more, depending on one's historical benchmarks of note, psychology's development as a licensed profession began approximately 60 years ago in 1945 with enactment of the first licensure law for psychology in Connecticut (Reaves, 2006). Coincidental in time with but otherwise unrelated to that benchmark event for public credentialing of psychologists, the American Psychological Association (APA) received a request from the Department of Veterans Affairs to provide a list of institutions that possessed adequate facilities for training to the doctoral level in clinical psychology (Sears, 1946).…”

Section: Becoming a Professionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Striving for competence in the assessment of competence: Psychology's professional education and credentialing journey of public accountability.

Nelson

2007

Training and Education in Professional Psychology

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The history of psychology's development as a licensed profession is traced over the past 60 years through the evolution of the profession's quality control practices in education and credentialing. These two essential features of a profession began at about the same time, but evolved quite independent of one another for the first 30 years. Shaped by events of the 1970s and 1980s, however, there has been a gradual convergence of focus by those responsible for professional education and credentialing on how best to assess the quality of professional education programs and their graduates who apply for licensure. Although at first this focus was predominantly on the content of curriculum taught and the knowledge examined, increasingly over the past decade there has been a shift of emphasis to the broader, more complex construct of competence to practice for which examination of knowledge is a necessary but insufficient assessment. The article describes the events and structures that led to this outcome and concludes with comments about the future.

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“…Missouri was the last of the states to pass a licensing law in 1977. In Canada, Ontario passed the first law in 1960 and Prince Edward Island the last in 1990 (Reaves, 2004).…”

Section: A Brief History Of Licensurementioning

confidence: 99%

Licensure.

Rehm¹,

DeMers²

2006

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

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Lengthy efforts on the part of professional psychology to establish licensure have resulted in many inconsistencies among licensing laws. Efforts at standardization by licensure bodies through the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards has led to a common licensing examination across the United States and Canada, and mechanisms facilitating mobility. Some continuing concerns are working against standardization. New issues of distance practice and an expanding scope of practice (e.g., prescription privileges) are just beginning to be faced. Globalization will require looking at licensure through a larger lens across state, provincial, and national borders.

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The History of Licensure of Psychologists in the United States and Canada.

Cited by 13 publications

References 4 publications

The Licensure Issue in Consulting and I-O Psychology: A Discussion Paper

The Licensure Issue in Consulting and I-O Psychology: A Discussion Paper

Striving for competence in the assessment of competence: Psychology's professional education and credentialing journey of public accountability.

Licensure.

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