The History of Bacteriology

Bulloch, William

doi:10.1097/00000441-193812000-00025

Cited by 444 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…He was a keen observer and an outstanding maker of microscopes, and his observations and detailed illustrations of microbial life prompted many other observers (both scientists and nonscientists) to take an interest in the microscopic world. His colorful descriptions of bacteria made their study compelling; in his descriptions of the many shapes of the bacteria he sampled from his teeth, he marveled that one "shot through the water like a pike does through water" (30), firmly establishing that these tiny objects were, indeed, alive. For 200 years, microscopy enabled microbiologists to view heterotrophs, autotrophs, and obligate parasites alike.…”

Section: Early Microbiology and The Microscopementioning

confidence: 99%

Metagenomics: Application of Genomics to Uncultured Microorganisms

Handelsman

2004

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

1,988

1,038

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Metagenomics (also referred to as environmental and community genomics) is the genomic analysis of microorganisms by direct extraction and cloning of DNA from an assemblage of microorganisms. The development of metagenomics stemmed from the ineluctable evidence that as-yet-uncultured microorganisms represent the vast majority of organisms in most environments on earth. This evidence was derived from analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences amplified directly from the environment, an approach that avoided the bias imposed by culturing and led to the discovery of vast new lineages of microbial life. Although the portrait of the microbial world was revolutionized by analysis of 16S rRNA genes, such studies yielded only a phylogenetic description of community membership, providing little insight into the genetics, physiology, and biochemistry of the members. Metagenomics provides a second tier of technical innovation that facilitates study of the physiology and ecology of environmental microorganisms. Novel genes and gene products discovered through metagenomics include the first bacteriorhodopsin of bacterial origin; novel small molecules with antimicrobial activity; and new members of families of known proteins, such as an Na+(Li+)/H+ antiporter, RecA, DNA polymerase, and antibiotic resistance determinants. Reassembly of multiple genomes has provided insight into energy and nutrient cycling within the community, genome structure, gene function, population genetics and microheterogeneity, and lateral gene transfer among members of an uncultured community. The application of metagenomic sequence information will facilitate the design of better culturing strategies to link genomic analysis with pure culture studies

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Section: Early Microbiology and The Microscopementioning

confidence: 99%

Metagenomics: Application of Genomics to Uncultured Microorganisms

Handelsman

2004

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

1,988

1,038

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“…He further characterized Klein as undiplomatic, blunt, and unpopular. Bulloch (1938) emphasized Klein's individual, dogmatic, and polemic character. Richards (1987) tried to place Klein's approaches into the context provided by a European attitude to his vivisections and showed that the same experiments were being conducted by physiologists on the European mainland at the same time as those working in Britain, even though public attitudes differed considerably between the two localities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emanuel Edward Klein—The Father of British Microbiology and the Case of the Animal Vivisection Controversy of 1875

Atalić

Fatović‐Ferenčić

2009

Toxicol Pathol

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The new Appendix A of the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes, which gives guidelines for accommodation and care of animals and was approved on June 15, 2006, was the main reason the authors decided to investigate the origins of the regulations of animal experiments. Although one might assume that the regulation had its origin in the United Nations conventions, the truth is that its origins are a hundred years old. The authors present a case of the nineteenth-century vivisection controversy brought about by the publication of the Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory in 1873, in which John Burdon-Sanderson, Emanuel Edward Klein, Michael Foster, and Thomas Lauder Brunton described a series of vivisection experiments they performed on animals for research purposes. It was the first case of vivisection to be examined, processed, and condemned for inhuman behavior toward animals before an official body, leading to enactment of the Cruelty to Animals Act in 1876. The case reveals a specific ethos of science in the second half of the nineteenth century, which was characterized by a deep commitment of scientists to the scientific enterprise and their strong belief that science could solve social problems, combined with an overt insensitivity to the suffering of experimental animals. The central figure in the case was Emanuel Edward Klein, a disciple of the Central European medical tradition (Vienna Medical School) and a direct follower of the experimental school of Brücke, Stricker, Magendie, and Bernard. Because of his undisguised attitudes and opinions on the use of vivisection, Klein became a paradigm of the new scientific identity, strongly influencing the stereotypic image of a scientist, and polarizing the public opinion on vivisection in England in the nineteenth century and for some considerable time afterward.

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“…Some writers, such as Bulloch (1938) and Keilin (1966), have held that von Liebig and his colleagues considered the publications on fermentation by Cagniard-Latour, Kützing and Schwann were reactionary and a blow against the idea that processes associated with living things were chemical ones. However, others (McKie, 1944;Lipman, 1967) have drawn attention to the same chemists' continued adherence to the concept of a 'vital force' (Lebenskraft).…”

Section: Von Liebig (1839) Summarized Their Views As Follows (I)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Beginnings of microbiology and biochemistry: the contribution of yeast research

Barnett

2003

Microbiology

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The History of Bacteriology

Cited by 444 publications

References 0 publications

Metagenomics: Application of Genomics to Uncultured Microorganisms

Metagenomics: Application of Genomics to Uncultured Microorganisms

Emanuel Edward Klein—The Father of British Microbiology and the Case of the Animal Vivisection Controversy of 1875

Beginnings of microbiology and biochemistry: the contribution of yeast research

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