The History, Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of Lyme Borreliosis

Stanek, Gerold; Strle, Franc

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93680-8_4

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 144 publications

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“…There are often no clinical signs or symptoms immediately after a tick bite. However, once clinically apparent, the disease can manifest as a multisystem disorder for about 5 to 10% of individuals, exhibiting a wide variety of clinical symptoms [1,33]. Typically, a site-specific infection occurs following pathogen multiplication at the site of the infective tick bite.…”

Section: Clinical Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typically, a site-specific infection occurs following pathogen multiplication at the site of the infective tick bite. In clinically apparent cases it is then associated with early, localized disease (erythema migrans, EM) [33]. Bacteraemia with nonspecific symptoms, such as fever and malaise, can occur in some individuals.…”

Section: Clinical Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hematogenous dissemination is then followed by typical early disseminated disease manifestations, such as multiple EM, neurological manifestations (e.g. poly-meningo-radiculoneuritis, also known as Bannwarth syndrome, facial palsy), and possibly late manifestations including Lyme arthritis (LA), and acrodermatitis chronica athrophicans (ACA) [33]. The various genospecies of the B. burgdorferi s.l.-complex are genetically very heterogenous [25].…”

Section: Clinical Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: Shedding Light on the Known Unknowns

Hunfeld,

Kraiczy,

Norris

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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Human Lyme borreliosis (LB) represents a multisystem disorder that can progress in stages. The causative agents are transmitted by hard ticks of the Ixodes ricinus complex that have been infected with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Today, LB is considered the most important human tick-borne illness in the Northern Hemisphere. The causative agent was identified and successfully isolated in 1982 and, shortly thereafter, antibiotic treatment was found to be safe and efficacious. Since then, various in vitro studies have been conducted in order to improve our knowledge of the activity of antimicrobial agents against B. burgdorferi s. l. The full spectrum of in vitro antibiotic susceptibility has still not been defined for some of the more recently developed compounds. Moreover, our current understanding of the in vitro interactions between B. burgdorferi s. l. and antimicrobial agents, and their possible mechanisms of resistance remains very limited and is largely based on in vitro susceptibility experiments on only a few isolates of Borrelia. Even less is known about the possible mechanisms of the in vitro persistence of spirochetes exposed to antimicrobial agents in the presence of human and animal cell lines. Only a relatively small number of laboratory studies and cell culture experiments have been conducted. This review summarizes what is and what is not known about the in vitro susceptibility of B. burgdorferi s. l. It aims to shed light on the known unknowns that continue to fuel current debates on possible treatment resistance and mechanisms of persistence of Lyme disease spirochetes in the presence of antimicrobial agents.

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Section: Clinical Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%