The history and value of face masks

Matuschek, Christiane; Moll, F.; Fangerau, Heiner; Fischer, Johannes C.; Zänker, Kurt S.; Griensven, Martijn van; Schneider, Marion; Kindgen‐Milles, Detlef; Knoefel, Wolfram Trudo; Lichtenberg, Artur; Tamaskovics, Bálint; Djiepmo-Njanang, Freddy Joel; Budach, Wilfried; Corradini, Stefanie; Häussinger, Dieter; Feldt, Torsten; Jensen, Björn; Pelka, R. B.; Orth, Klaus; Peiper, Matthias; Grebe, Olaf; Maas, Kitti; Bölke, Edwin; Haussmann, Jan

doi:10.1186/s40001-020-00423-4

Cited by 89 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In general, a sufficient supply of PPE was available in the hospitals. We specifically asked for the availiability of face masks with high filtering capacity which can protect from airborne infection [ 12 , 13 ]. We found that such masks were not available to 13% of participants at some point in time during the pandemic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of SARS-COV-2 positivity in 516 German intensive care and emergency physicians studied by seroprevalence of antibodies National Covid Survey Germany (NAT-COV-SURV)

et al. 2021

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Healthcare personnel are at risk to aquire the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We evaluated the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and positive nasopharyngeal reverse transcriptase polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests in German intensive care and emergency physicians. Physicians attending intensive care and emergency medicine training courses between June 16th and July 2nd 2020 answered a questionnaire and were screened for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies via automated electrochemiluminiscence immunoassay. We recruited 516 physicans from all parts of Germany, 445/516 (86%) worked in high risk areas, and 379/516 (73%) had treated patients with COVID-19. The overall positive rate was 18/516 (3.5%), 16/18 (89%) had antibodies against SARS-COV-2, another 2 reported previous positive RT-PCR results although antibody testing was negative. Of those positive, 7/18 (39%) were unaware of their infection. A stay abroad was stated by 173/498 (35%), mostly in Europe. 87/516 (17%) reported a febrile respiratory infection after January 1st 2020 which was related to SARS-CoV-2 in 4/87 (4.6%). Contact to COVID-19 positive relatives at home was stated by 22/502 (4.4%). This was the only significant risk factor for Covid-19 infection (Fisher´s exact test, p = 0.0005). N95 masks and eye protection devices were available for 87% and 73%, respectively. A total of 254/502 (51%) had been vaccinated against seasonal influenza. The overall SARS-CoV-2 infection rate of german physicians from intensive care and emergency medicine was low compared to reports from other countries and settings. This finding may be explained by the fact that the German health care system was not overwhelmed by the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of SARS-COV-2 positivity in 516 German intensive care and emergency physicians studied by seroprevalence of antibodies National Covid Survey Germany (NAT-COV-SURV)

et al. 2021

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“…One very mundane case in mind is something that literally touches every person on earth today, namely face masks. Face masks have been around for hundreds of years and is mostly very low-tech, being cloth (Nakayama 2020), with some recent developments in density as can be seen in the N95 filtering facepiece, efficiency 2 versions (FFP2), filtering out at least 94% of airborne particles used by medical professionals (Matuschek et al 2020). What can be expected in terms of the development of face masks in 4IR spurred by the need for universal adoption and use during and probably after the unexpected crisis brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic?…”

Section: Face Masks As a Case Study During Turbulent Times: Fourth Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking the past to manage the future: Participating in complex contexts informed by biblical perspectives

Gous

2021

HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies

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It seems that change is the new normal. The future is not what it used to be, and probably never will be. On the other hand, change has always been a feature of the human condition. Natural disasters influenced livelihood. Wars disrupted societies. New knowledge and new technologies changed the way people thought and lived. It is therefore not entirely the 'new' normal. It is only new for people who are expecting stability and predictability, but who are experiencing changing times without the luxury of hindsight.Managing change resulting from any of a plethora of events is therefore part of the human condition. It always has been, and always will be. The only difference might be one of scale, namely how impactful change is in a certain time and age and how comprehensive the management of change needs to be. The current era is a time of sweeping and wide-ranging change brought about by rapid technological developments and impacting substantially on the human condition. For this reason, it has even been assigned the name of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), and people from all vantage points are contemplating the impact thereof on human lives and societies and how to manage it.Change is the new normal, but so it has been for ages. Experience to navigate change is something you get just after you needed it, unless you tap into age-old experience. The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is bringing about wide-ranging changes. With people having to adjust, the question is whether Christianity, with its roots in preindustrial times, may support people to navigate these changes. This conceptual article focusses on the relationships amongst constructs, exploring logical arguments about how these constructs are associated. The 4IR is briefly described from differing vantage points, as to whether it is a valid description thereof. Whether a revolution or evolution, it is a complex system, and therefore the theory of complex systems is used, with the conclusion that one may merely participate in such systems. Being novel situations, one needs to participate creatively, based on a cognitive understanding of creativity. Creative solutions do not materialise out of thin air but are the novel use of existing knowledge structures. Christian traditions include institutional memories of how people managed situations of radical change, as reflected in Genesis 1 and Lamentations 4. These passages provide building blocks that may be used in creative coping strategies during times of change. Both passages suggest the strategy to juxtapose order and chaos, and borrowing from that, a 'Grip-Grapple-Grow' scaffolding system is suggested. To test the usability thereof, the issue of face masks during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic was touched upon, to evaluate how the interplay amongst 4IR, disruption, (Christian) beliefs and technological advancement may play out. Contribution:The Fourth Industrial Revolution is speeding up the pace of change, with people having to adapt. This article explores processes of change management, j...

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“…There is evidence that shows FM being used by doctors all the way back to the Middle Ages, they were known as the «sharp doctors» because of the shape of the masks they used. It is likely that they contained aromatic herbs such as cinnamon or cloves and carried them in order to avoid being infected with the «miasma» (putrefactive emanations) that was believed to transmit the plague (26) .…”

Section: Face Mask's Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FM were initially single layered and shortly after double layer in an attempt to prevent the spread of droplets in a more effective way. At the beginning of the 20th century it wasn't implemented very often and in 1914 the surgeon Fritz Konig considered that its use (along with the use of gloves) was unnecessary and also caused irritation of the hands and face (26) . Weaver (28) reported a decrease in the spread of diphtheria from 23 to 8%, and scarlet fever from 8% to 0 in the periods 1914-1916 and 1916-1917 among nurses at the Durand Hospital in Chicago once the use of chiffon FM was implemented.…”

Section: Face Mask's Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

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La importancia de las mascarillas no médicas en la población general durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Una revisión narrativa

Ramírez-Guerrero¹

2021

Revista Mexicana De Anestesiología

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The history and value of face masks

Cited by 89 publications

References 22 publications

Prevalence of SARS-COV-2 positivity in 516 German intensive care and emergency physicians studied by seroprevalence of antibodies National Covid Survey Germany (NAT-COV-SURV)

Prevalence of SARS-COV-2 positivity in 516 German intensive care and emergency physicians studied by seroprevalence of antibodies National Covid Survey Germany (NAT-COV-SURV)

Rethinking the past to manage the future: Participating in complex contexts informed by biblical perspectives

La importancia de las mascarillas no médicas en la población general durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Una revisión narrativa

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