The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map

Routtenberg, Aryeh; O’Keefe, John; Nadel, Lynn

doi:10.2307/1422119

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 705 publications

(1,189 reference statements)

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“…Equations (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) describe the core working of Vector-HaSH-this core version and its variants can then be used to generate item memory, spatial memory, episodic memory, as well as a wide range of experimental observations, such as those discussed in Fig. 7.…”

Section: /59mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-capacity flexible hippocampal associative and episodic memory enabled by prestructured "spatial" representations

Chandra,

Sharma,

Chaudhuri

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Hippocampal circuits in the brain enable two distinct cognitive functions: construction of spatial maps for navigation and storage of sequential episodic memories. This dual role of the hippocampus remains an enduring enigma. While there have been advances in modeling the spatial representation properties of the hippocampus, we lack good models of its role in episodic memory. Here we present a neocortical-entorhinal-hippocampal network model that exhibits high-capacity general associative memory, spatial memory, and episodic memory without the memory cliff of existing neural memory models. Instead, the circuit (which we call Vector-HaSH, Vector Hippocampal Scaffolded Heteroassociative Memory) exhibits a graceful tradeoff between number of stored items and detail, achieved by factorizing content storage from the dynamics of generating error-correcting stable states. The exponentially large space avoids catastrophic forgetting. Next, we show that pre-structured representations are an essential feature for constructing episodic memory: unlike existing episodic memory models, they enable high-capacity memorization of sequences by abstracting the chaining problem into one of learning transitions within a rigid low-dimensional grid cell scaffold. Finally, we show that previously learned spatial sequences in the form of location-landmark associations can themselves be re-usably leveraged as robust scaffolds and associated with neocortical inputs for a high-fidelity one-shot memory, providing the first circuit model of the “memory palaces” used in the striking feats of memory athletes.

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Section: /59mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-capacity flexible hippocampal associative and episodic memory enabled by prestructured "spatial" representations

Chandra,

Sharma,

Chaudhuri

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Animal studies have shown that place cells in the hippocampus encode location while moving in the environment, and these cells fire when a specific place field is entered, irrespective of where the animal is looking [106]. Thus, the hippocampus provides an internal space representation or cognitive map of the environment that is allocentric (world-centered) and not egocentric (self-centered) [107]. As it seems that the hippocampus is a relevant structure for both, episodic memory and spatial representation, it has been proposed that the spatial representations of the hippocampus could support spatial context to the episodic memories [108].…”

Section: Navigation and Spatial Representationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurocognitive Perspective of Transient Global Amnesia

Marin-Garcia¹

2020

Neurological and Mental Disorders

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Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a neuropsychological syndrome that involves a sudden and temporary episode of memory loss that includes inability to create new memories. It has been shown that this disorder is related with a transitory deficit of the hippocampus function. In this chapter, the preserved and impaired memory pattern of TGA patients will be discussed considering the classical memory systems model. The analysis of this perspective leads to some contradictory or unresolved issues. In order to try to resolve these inconsistencies and considering that TGA is associated with hippocampal perturbation, new research about the hippocampus is analyzed. This new perspective focused on the hippocampal function provides a deeper understanding of the memory loss pattern associated with TGA, and it points out new questions that are not studied yet in the TGA population.

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“…Unlike greenhouse gases, BC is not a single, chemically defi ned substance with constant physical properties. In addition to the aggregates of nanometer-scale carbon spher-ules traditionally thought of as BC, the atmosphere contains light-absorbing organic or carbon (BrC) ( 3). BrC may account for 15 to 50% of light absorption in the atmosphere and in snow and ice ( 1,4,5) and has different optical properties and source and sink patterns from BC.…”

Section: Climate's Dark Forcingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the mammalian brain, the ability to remember and navigate through space has been linked to the hippocampus. The best evidence for this association lies with hippocampal neurons called "place cells," which represent an animal's position ( 3). However, ground-dwelling rodents have provided the dominant model for such spatial studies, leaving open the question of whether the hippocampal representation of space truly extends into 3D.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%