The Highs and Lows of Caffeine Intake in New Zealand Children

Ali, Ajmol; Wham, Carol; Wolber, Fran; Dickens, Martin; O'Keeffe, Karyn; Thunders, Michelle; Thomas, Judy; Starck, Carlene; Rutherfurd-Markwick, Kay

doi:10.1089/caff.2017.0035

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…In NZ, any food containing caffeine from a natural source (except guarana) is exempt from caffeine-labelling requirements. This, paired with the variation in caffeine content of products that naturally contain caffeine, is a significant issue, as consumers have littleto-no information on which to base their decisions regarding the consumption of caffeinecontaining products, potentially placing some individuals at increased risk of caffeine's adverse effects [36]. The development and evaluation of educational interventions to enhance "caffeine literacy" in NZ is much needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motivations for Caffeine Consumption in New Zealand Tertiary Students

et al. 2021

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Caffeine-related health incidents in New Zealand have escalated over the last two decades. In order to reduce the risk of substance-related harm, it is important to understand the consumers’ motivations for its use. This is especially true for tertiary students who are presumed to be at a higher risk due to seeking out caffeine’s well-known cognitive benefits as well as the targeted marketing of such products to young adults. This study examined the habits and motivations for caffeine consumption in tertiary students in New Zealand. A previously validated caffeine consumption-habits (CaffCo) questionnaire was administered online to 317 tertiary students (n = 169 females), aged ≥16 years. Of the 99.1% of participants who regularly consumed caffeine, coffee (76.3%) tea (71.6%) and chocolate (81.7%) consumption were the most prevalent. Motivations for caffeinated-product consumption differed according to caffeine source. Tea was consumed for the warmth and taste, coffee was consumed to stay awake and for warmth, and chocolate, for the taste and as a treat. Marketing was not identified by participants as influencing their consumption of caffeinated products. Knowledge of motivations for caffeine consumption may assist in identifying strategies to reduce caffeine intake in those New Zealand tertiary students who regularly consume amounts of caffeine that exceed safe level.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motivations for Caffeine Consumption in New Zealand Tertiary Students

et al. 2021

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“…While some of this increase may be due to the inclusion of a wider range of caffeinated products or the emergence of products with a greater caffeine content, it may also represent an increasing group of high-caffeine consumers. It is this group, who regularly exceed the daily safe level of caffeine intake, who would benefit most from education about the benefits and risks of caffeine use, and strategies are needed to improve adolescents’ “caffeine literacy” and negate excess caffeine intake [ 26 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, efforts to reduce the negative effects of caffeine from energy drinks should focus on advertising and labelling regulations, which target boys [ 14 , 34 ]. Energy drinks are subject to labelling regulations under the New Zealand 2010 Food Standards code, and thus there is potential for them to display warning labels [ 26 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Secondary School Students and Caffeine: Consumption Habits, Motivations, and Experiences

et al. 2023

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Adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of caffeine due to a lack of tolerance, their small size, changing brain physiology, and increasing independence. Concerns about adolescent caffeine consumption relate to potentially serious physiological and psychological effects following consumption. Motivations driving caffeine intake are not well understood among adolescents but are important to understand to reduce harmful behavioural patterns. This study explored caffeine consumption habits (sources, amount, frequency) of New Zealand adolescents; and factors motivating caffeine consumption and avoidance. The previously validated caffeine consumption habits questionnaire (CaffCo) was completed by 216 participants (15–18 years), with most (94.9%) consuming at least one caffeinated product daily. Chocolate, coffee, tea, and kola drinks were the most consumed sources. The median caffeine intake was 68 mg·day−1. Gender (boy) and being employed influenced the source, but not the quantity of caffeine consumed. One-fifth (21.2%) of adolescents consumed more than the recommended European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) safe level (3 mg·kg−1·day−1). Taste, energy, and temperature were the main motivators for consumption, and increased energy, excitement, restlessness, and sleep disturbances were reported effects following caffeine consumption. This study provides information on caffeinated product consumption among New Zealand adolescents, some of whom consumed caffeine above the EFSA safe level. Public health initiatives directed at adolescents may be important to reduce potential caffeine-related harm.

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Bidirectional associations between sleep quality or quantity, and dietary intakes or eating behaviors in children 6–12 years old: a systematic review with evidence mapping

et al. 2021

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Context Although dietary advice has long been a cornerstone of a healthy lifestyle, how sleep quality and quantity may interact with dietary intake or eating behaviors remains unclear. Objective To consider a bidirectional relationship between sleep and diet in children aged 6–12 years via a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. Data Sources Relevant trials and observational studies were identified by searching the PubMed, Medline, Embase, and CENTRAL databases up to June 1, 2019, without language or date restrictions and supplemented with hand searching. Recognized procedures and reporting standards were applied. Data Extraction Data on participant characteristics, study parameters, diet measures, sleep measures, and findings of study quality assessment criteria were collected. Data Analysis Forty-five articles involving 308 332 participants on a diverse range of topics were included. Meta-analyses were planned but were impossible to perform due to high study heterogeneity. Most studies (82%) were cross-sectional, which prevented examining directionality of the observed associations. Risk of bias was assessed for trial, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies, using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool or Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Results Of 16 studies in which the effect of sleep on dietary intake was investigated, 81% (n = 13) reported a significant association. All studies (n = 8) of sugar-sweetened or caffeinated beverages reported a negative association with sleep, and in 6 of 7 studies in which eating behaviors were investigated, associations with sleep were reported. The use of objective measures of sleep and diet were scarce, with most trials and studies relying on subjective measures of sleep (68%) or diet (93%). Conclusion Because most studies investigating the relationship between sleep and diet in this age group are cross-sectional, temporality could not be determined. Additional randomized controlled trials and long-term cohort studies in middle childhood, particularly those using objective rather than questionnaire measures of sleep, are required to better understand interactions between diet and sleep. Systematic Review Registration Prospectively registered with PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42018091647).

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The Highs and Lows of Caffeine Intake in New Zealand Children

Cited by 3 publications

References 124 publications

Motivations for Caffeine Consumption in New Zealand Tertiary Students

Motivations for Caffeine Consumption in New Zealand Tertiary Students

Secondary School Students and Caffeine: Consumption Habits, Motivations, and Experiences

Bidirectional associations between sleep quality or quantity, and dietary intakes or eating behaviors in children 6–12 years old: a systematic review with evidence mapping

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