The highly conserved stem-loop II motif is dispensable for SARS-CoV-2

Abstract

The stem-loop II motif (s2m) is a RNA structural element that is found in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of many RNA viruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Though the motif was discovered over twenty-five years ago, its functional significance is unknown. In order to understand the importance of s2m, we created viruses with deletions or mutations of the s2m by reverse genetics and also evaluated a clinical isolate harboring a unique s2m deletion. Deletion or mutation of the s2m had no effect on growth in vitro, or growth and viral fitness in Syrian hamsters in vivo. We also compared the secondary structure of the 3′ UTR of wild type and s2m deletion viruses using SHAPE-MaP and DMS-MaPseq. These experiments demonstrate that the s2m forms an independent structure and that its deletion does not alter the overall remaining 3′UTR RNA structure. Together, these findings suggest that s2m is dispensable for SARS-CoV-2.