Search citation statements
Paper Sections
Citation Types
Publication Types
Relationship
Authors
Journals
This paper describes investigations by FlotationTechnologies and Mooring Systems Inc. to develop a low drag subsurface mooring apex buoy that contains an RD Instruments Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler current meter. Five different candidate mooring apex buoy systems are compared with regard to their drag, inclination and stability in current and effect on the performance of a typical mooring. The Drag Coefficients of cylindrical and spherical buoy candidates are Reynolds number sensitive in the velocity range of 1 to 3 knots. This leads to calculated and observed hydrodynamic instability due to minute variations in current velocity. An airship shaped streamlined body was found to have the lowest drag, best inclination response and little or no Reynolds number sensitivity in the current regime of interest. KNTRQDUCTIQN:The US Naval Oceanographic office gathers current speed and direction and other data in support of Naval operational and planning requirements throughout the oceans of the world. There are occasionally requirements for accurate measurements in areas of high current velocity in a range of water depths.The ADCP style of current meter mounted in the mooring apex flotation allows a subsurface mooring to profile to very close to the surface while keeping the top of the mooring below the area where maximum velocities occur. The drag of every mooring component that is in the high current zone causes the mooring to lean over and undergo vertical excursions, "dip".The inclination relative to vertical can cause errors in measured velocity. Dip of the mooring apex can cause displacement of the range bins such that the much desired upper water column information may be lost out of range.Several experiments at WHOI, [ 1.21 have shown that reducing the drag of mooring components in the effected area can greatly improve mooring performance.Option 1, A three ball radio float and 19 glass balls on chain above a 2.33 meter long stainless steel frame containing the current meter. This configuration is an old oceanographic standard. The noise of the glass balls and their occasional appearance in the beam pattern would probably make this option non-viable with an upwards looking instrument.Options 2 and 3 are cylinders of syntactic foam with embedded stainless steel frames and ADCPs. NAVOCEANO owns several ADCP buoys similar to Option 3. The two versions show the effect of changes in aspect ratio.Option 4 This option is similar to a commercially available spherical buoy.Option 5 is the low drag airship shaped body. A prototype unit is undergoing fabrication at the time of this writing and will be delivered to NAVOCEANO for testing in early 1995. Criterion for Evaluation:Four criteria were evaluated to illustrate the need for and to predict the performance of the low drag buoy.A. Drag of the buoy with fiame, beacons and ADCP. B. Inclination of the buoy alone in current. C. Hydrodynamic stability in current. D. Expected mooring performance.A. Buov Drag with Frame, ADCP & Beacons.The Drag areas based upon scale drawings ...
This paper describes investigations by FlotationTechnologies and Mooring Systems Inc. to develop a low drag subsurface mooring apex buoy that contains an RD Instruments Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler current meter. Five different candidate mooring apex buoy systems are compared with regard to their drag, inclination and stability in current and effect on the performance of a typical mooring. The Drag Coefficients of cylindrical and spherical buoy candidates are Reynolds number sensitive in the velocity range of 1 to 3 knots. This leads to calculated and observed hydrodynamic instability due to minute variations in current velocity. An airship shaped streamlined body was found to have the lowest drag, best inclination response and little or no Reynolds number sensitivity in the current regime of interest. KNTRQDUCTIQN:The US Naval Oceanographic office gathers current speed and direction and other data in support of Naval operational and planning requirements throughout the oceans of the world. There are occasionally requirements for accurate measurements in areas of high current velocity in a range of water depths.The ADCP style of current meter mounted in the mooring apex flotation allows a subsurface mooring to profile to very close to the surface while keeping the top of the mooring below the area where maximum velocities occur. The drag of every mooring component that is in the high current zone causes the mooring to lean over and undergo vertical excursions, "dip".The inclination relative to vertical can cause errors in measured velocity. Dip of the mooring apex can cause displacement of the range bins such that the much desired upper water column information may be lost out of range.Several experiments at WHOI, [ 1.21 have shown that reducing the drag of mooring components in the effected area can greatly improve mooring performance.Option 1, A three ball radio float and 19 glass balls on chain above a 2.33 meter long stainless steel frame containing the current meter. This configuration is an old oceanographic standard. The noise of the glass balls and their occasional appearance in the beam pattern would probably make this option non-viable with an upwards looking instrument.Options 2 and 3 are cylinders of syntactic foam with embedded stainless steel frames and ADCPs. NAVOCEANO owns several ADCP buoys similar to Option 3. The two versions show the effect of changes in aspect ratio.Option 4 This option is similar to a commercially available spherical buoy.Option 5 is the low drag airship shaped body. A prototype unit is undergoing fabrication at the time of this writing and will be delivered to NAVOCEANO for testing in early 1995. Criterion for Evaluation:Four criteria were evaluated to illustrate the need for and to predict the performance of the low drag buoy.A. Drag of the buoy with fiame, beacons and ADCP. B. Inclination of the buoy alone in current. C. Hydrodynamic stability in current. D. Expected mooring performance.A. Buov Drag with Frame, ADCP & Beacons.The Drag areas based upon scale drawings ...
A Surface Telemetery Engineering Mooring (STEM) has been developed to collect and transmit oceanographic and meteorological data via satellite links. Data telemetered included currents (from 5 0 and 250 meters), water and air temperature, wind, relative humidity, barometric pressure, and various engineering parametersThe unique aspect of the STEM design was the use of electromechanical cable for both the strength member of the mooring and the electrical connection between the subsurface instruments and the surface buoy.The surface mooring was deployed 150 miles south of Cape Cod in 2700 meters of water setout in November 1987 and retrieved in May 1988, it operated successfully through the harsh N. Atlantic winter. OBJECTIVESThe purpose of the Surface Telemetry Engineering Mooring (STEM) was to demonstrate the feasibility of collecting and transmitting data via satellite telemetry. STEM is designed to handle an extensive suite of meteorological, oceanographic and engineering data obtained from sensors distributed on the surface buoy and on the mooring line. The surface mooring was to be deployed well off-shore in deep waters and had to survive the harsh environment of the wintry Northwest Atlantic.This ambitious goal required both electrical and mechanical engineering support. The electrical engineering effort placed emphasis on the modification and integration of existing instruments and sensors with a system controller. This controller ensures the timely and sequential interrogation of the sensors and the subsequent data processing and transfer to buoy mounted, satellite transmitters. The innovative mechanical engineering contribution consisted mainly of the development and evaluation of electromechanical cables which would maintain the buoy on station and would also provide a reliable signal path between the deep sensors and the surface. The mechanical and electrical problems of properly connecting these cables at the buoy attachment point and at the points of instrument insertion in the mooring line also had to be surmounted.The successful completion of the STEM project also depended on advanced buoy engineering for classical mooring design and on specialized mooring logistics for deployment, servicing and recovery. . 0 RETROSPECTIVEThe R/V ENDEAVOR, operated by the University of Rhode Island, deployed the STEM mooring on November 21, 1987 at 39O11N Latitude and 7O0O0W Longitude. This location is near the well-known Site D, 150 miles due south of Cape Cod .( Figure 1). The water depth at the site is 2672 meters. The mooring configuration is depicted in Figure 2 .
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.