The hierarchical relation between X-chromosomes and autosomal sex determining genes in <i>Drosophila</i>

Steinmann‐Zwicky, Monica; Nöthiger, Rolf

doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb02331.x

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…Examples of XO sex determination have been demonstrated in grasshoppers [ 3 ], crickets [ 4 ], cockroaches [ 5 ], some mammals [ 6 ], Caenorhabditis elegans worms [ 7 ], and Ancistrini ancistrus [ 8 ], a catfish species within the order of Siluriformes. In insects, such as fruit flies [ 9 ], sex is determined by the ratio of X chromosome (X) to autosomes. In birds, some fish species, and insects [ 10 , 11 , 12 ], sex is determined by a ZW sex determination system, where the homogametic ZZ individuals are males, whereas the heterogametic ZW individuals are females.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of an Epigenetically Marked Locus within the Sex Determination Region of Channel Catfish

Yang

Zhou

Liu

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Channel catfish has an XY sex determination system. However, the X and Y chromosomes harbor an identical gene content of 950 genes each. In this study, we conducted comparative analyses of methylome and transcriptome of genetic males and genetic females before gonadal differentiation to provide insights into the mechanisms of sex determination. Differentially methylated CpG sites (DMCs) were predominantly identified on the sex chromosome, most notably within the sex determination region (SDR), although the overall methylation profiles across the entire genome were similar between genetic males and females. The drastic differences in methylation were located within the SDR at nucleotide position 14.0–20.3 Mb of the sex chromosome, making this region an epigenetically marked locus within the sex determination region. Most of the differentially methylated CpG sites were hypermethylated in females and hypomethylated in males, suggesting potential involvement of methylation modification in sex determination in channel catfish. Along with the differential methylation in the SDR, a number of differentially expressed genes within the SDR were also identified between genetic males and females, making them potential candidate genes for sex determination and differentiation in channel catfish.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of an Epigenetically Marked Locus within the Sex Determination Region of Channel Catfish

Yang

Zhou

Liu

et al. 2022

IJMS

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“…For instance, in Hymenoptera such as ants and bees, the homozygous or heterozygous sex determination sites induce males or females [ 4 ]. And in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster , sex is controlled by the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes (X: A ratio) [ 20 ]. Notably, an interesting pattern shared by known sex determination mechanisms among different taxa is that the master sex determination genes were predicted diverse, but the downstream genetic networks associated with sex determination or differentiation were found being conserved [ 12 , 21 , 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of sex determination locus in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus using genome-wide association study

Wang

Yang

et al. 2022

BMC Genomics

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Background Sex determination mechanisms are complicated and diverse across taxonomic categories. Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus is a benthic echinoderm, which is the closest group of invertebrates to chordate, and important economic and ecologically aquaculture species in China. A. japonicus is dioecious, and no phenotypic differences between males and females can be detected before sexual maturation. Identification of sex determination locus will broaden knowledge about sex-determination mechanism in echinoderms, which allows for the identification of sex-linked markers and increases the efficiency of sea cucumber breeding industry. Results Here, we integrated assembly of a novel chromosome-level genome and resequencing of female and male populations to investigate the sex determination mechanisms of A. japonicus. We built a chromosome-level genome assembly AJH1.0 using Hi-C technology. The assembly AJH1.0 consists of 23 chromosomes ranging from 22.4 to 60.4 Mb. To identify the sex-determination locus of A. japonicus, we conducted genome-wide association study (GWAS) and analyses of distribution characteristics of sex-specific SNPs and fixation index FST. The GWAS analysis showed that multiple sex-associated loci were located on several chromosomes, including chromosome 4 (24.8%), followed by chromosome 9 (10.7%), chromosome 17 (10.4%), and chromosome 18 (14.1%). Furthermore, analyzing the homozygous and heterozygous genotypes of plenty of sex-specific SNPs in females and males confirmed that A. japonicus might have a XX/XY sex determination system. As a physical region of 10 Mb on chromosome 4 included the highest number of sex-specific SNPs and higher FST values, this region was considered as the candidate sex determination region (SDR) in A. japonicus. Conclusions In the present study, we integrated genome-wide association study and analyses of sex-specific variations to investigate sex determination mechanisms. This will bring novel insights into gene regulation during primitive gonadogenesis and differentiation and identification of master sex determination gene in sea cucumber. In the sea cucumber industry, investigation of molecular mechanisms of sex determination will be helpful for artificial fertilization and precise breeding.

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The sex-determining gene tra of Drosophila: molecular cloning and transformation studies.

Butler¹,

Pirrotta²,

Irminger-Finger³

et al. 1986

The EMBO Journal

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In Drosophila, the primary signal for sex determination is given by the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes (X:A). The primary signal is read by a key gene (Sxl) and transmitted down to the differentiation genes by the subordinate control genes tra, tra‐2, ix and dsx. Mutations in tra transform chromosomal females (X/X; tra/tra) into sterile males (pseudomales). We have cloned the tra region by microdissection and chromosomal walking. We identified the gene using deficiency breakpoints, DNA aberrations in three different alleles of tra and by P‐mediated transformation. A 3.8‐kb fragment perfectly rescued the mutant phenotype of X/X; tra/tra flies, showing that it contained all the necessary information to restore female‐specific functions in the mutant flies. We present evidence that most of the function of tra can be provided by a subsegment of 2 kb that is differentially transcribed or processed in males and females.

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The hierarchical relation between X-chromosomes and autosomal sex determining genes in Drosophila

Cited by 11 publications

References 18 publications

Identification of an Epigenetically Marked Locus within the Sex Determination Region of Channel Catfish

Identification of an Epigenetically Marked Locus within the Sex Determination Region of Channel Catfish

Identification of sex determination locus in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus using genome-wide association study

The sex-determining gene tra of Drosophila: molecular cloning and transformation studies.

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