The Hickory Run boulder field, Carbon County, Pennsylvania

Smith, H. T. U.

doi:10.2475/ajs.251.9.625

Cited by 27 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Il existe d'autres expressions synonymes comme coulée de blocs (CHAIX, 1923), coulée de biocailles (CAILLEUX, 1947;CAILLEUX et TAYLOR, 1954), coulée pierreuse (PISSART, 1953), rivière de pierres (LLIBOUTRY, 1965, p. 711) et pierrier de sommet (HAMELIN et COOK, 1967, p. 60 En anglais, on connaît plusieurs expressions pour désigner les champs de blocs qui sont employées dans des sens à peu près synonymes, ce qui complique inutilement la tâche du chercheur comme le souligne WHITE (1976, p. 89-92). Parmi les expressions les plus usuelles signalons: boulder field (HAUSEN, 1910;SMITH, 1953;HAATINEN, 1960;LUNDQVIST, 1962KING et HIRST, 1964; block field (PELTIER, 1945DENNY, 1951RICHMOND, 1960RICHMOND, , 1962DAHL, 1966RAPP, 1967POTTER et MOSS, 1968;CAINE, 1968CAINE, 1972PEROV, 1969;BARSCH et UPDIKE, 1971STRÔMQUIST, 1973WASHBURN, 1973;WHITE, 1976) block deposit (PIPPAN, 1969) ; sfone field (ANDERSSON 1906;VARJO, 1960); block stream (RICHMOND, 1952WASHBURN, 1973WHITE, 1976); rock stream (PAT-TON, 1910;KESSELL, 1941;JOHNSON, 1967); sfone river (DARWIN, 1846;THOMSON, 1877: DAVISON, 1889ANDERSSON, 1906); sfone run (ANDERSSON, 1906;JOYCE, 1950); boulder tongue …”

Section: Terminologieunclassified

“…Ces derniers sont habituellement désignés en anglais sous le nom de block fields, block slope ou block streams. Les véritables champs de blocs (boulder fields) n'ont été décrits que par quelques auteurs (HÔG-BOM, 1926;SMITH, 1953;JAATINEN, 1960;LUND-QVIST, 1962;KING et HIRST, 1964;STRÔMQUIST, 1973 …”

Section: Travaux Sur Les Champs De Blocsunclassified

“…Les champs de blocs de la Pennsylvanie décrits par SMITH (1953) et par POTTER et MOSS (1968 sont d'origine périglaciaire. Les cailloux proviennent de la gélifraction du substrat rocheux et ont migré lentement vers le fond des vallées par solifluxion périglaciaire; la matrine fine a été enlevée par les eaux de ruissellement.…”

Section: Les Champs De Blocs Des îLesunclassified

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Les champs de blocs en Jamésie, Québec subarctique

Dionne

2011

gpq

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Les champs de blocs, définis au sens large comme des concentrations plus ou moins denses de cailloux, avec ou sans matrice fine, sur des surfaces relativement planes, dépourvues de couverture végétale, abondent en Jamésie, entre 50°-56° lat. N. On les trouve à partir du rivage actuel jusque sur les sommets des monts Otiches. Ils sont de nature et d’origine variées. Au point de vue morphologique, on distingue deux grandes catégories : ceux formés par des concentrations denses de cailloux sans matrice fine et ceux constitués par des concentrations lâches de cailloux en surface. Du point de vue génétique et environnemental, on distingue les types suivants : champs de blocs de délavage, champs de blocs périglaciaires, champs de blocs littoraux (notamment glaciels) et champs de blocs glaciaires. Les champs de blocs les plus caractéristiques sont ceux produits par le délavage du till ou des sédiments fluvio-glaciaires et ceux dus aux processus périglaciaires qui représentent environ 75% de tous les champs de blocs de la Jamésie. Ils se rencontrent dans des dépressions humides, autour de lacs et de tourbières, dans des gouttières sur des versants à pente faible, concentrant les eaux de ruissellement, ou dans le fond de chenaux fluvio-glaciaires et le lit d’anciens cours d’eau. Ils couvrent des superficies ayant quelques centaines de mètres carrés à plus de 2 km2. Ils sont formés par des concentrations denses de cailloux ayant des proportions variables d’éléments anguleux à arrondis, sans matrice fine et sans couverture végétale. Les champs de blocs périglaciaires diffèrent de ces derniers par la prédominance des éléments anguleux et par la nature lithologique des cailloux qui est identique à celle du substrat rocheux local.The boulder fields of the James Bay area. Subarctic Québec. Boulder fields, defined as dense or open concentrations of large rock fragments, are widespread throughout the James Bay area, between Lat. 50°-56° N. They occur in various places from present day shorelines and as far as the Otish Mountains summits. They vary both in nature and origin. There are two great morphological categories: those formed by dense concentrations of boulders without fine matrix, and those of loose or open concentrations of boulders over flat surfaces. On an environment and origin standpoint the following categories are recognized: they are either produced by the washing by waves and running water, by periglacial processes, by shore processes especially by drift ice, or directly produced by glacial deposition. The most distinctive boulder fields are those produced by the washing of till and fluvioglacial deposits, or by periglacial processes, which represent about 75% of all the boulder fields in the James Bay area. They occur in humid depressions, around lakes and muskegs, in bowl-shaped depressions located on gently sloping surfaces where running water concentrates or on the bottom of fluvioglacial channels and abandoned river beds. They spread over surfaces of a few hundreds square meters up to more than 2 km2. They ap...

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Section: Terminologieunclassified

Section: Travaux Sur Les Champs De Blocsunclassified

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Les champs de blocs en Jamésie, Québec subarctique

Dionne

2011

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“…Boulder fields have been documented throughout the world, including Australia (Barrows et al, 2004), Norway (Wilson et al, 2016), South Africa (Boelhouwers et al, 2002), the Falkland Islands (Wilson et al, 2008), Italy (Firpo et al, 2006), Sweden (Goodfellow et al, 2014), and South Korea (Seong and Kim, 2003). Hundreds of such fields exist in eastern North America (Nelson et al, 2007;Potter and Moss, 1968;Psilovikos and Van Houten, 1982;Smith, 1953); however, both the time scale and mechanism of boulder field formation remain poorly understood because few quantitative data constrain the age of boulder field formation or evolution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Boulder field formation is usually explained by one of two process models, both of which invoke periglaciation as a catalyst for boulder generation and transport (Rea, 2013;Wilson, 2013): (1) boulders fall from a bedrock outcrop upslope of the field and are transported downslope by ice-catalyzed heaving and sliding (Smith, 1953); or (2) boulders form as corestones underground, are unearthed by the progressive removal of surrounding saprolite, and are later reworked (André et al, 2008). However they form, boulder fields are likely altered over time by in situ rock weathering, erosion, accumulation of unconsolidated soil/regolith, and perhaps by periglacial action or glaciation during cold periods (André et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cosmogenic nuclides indicate that boulder fields are dynamic, ancient, multigenerational features

Denn¹,

Bierman²,

Zimmerman³

et al. 2017

GSAT

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Boulder fields are found throughout the world; yet, the history of these features, as well as the processes that form them, remain poorly understood. In high and mid-latitudes, boulder fields are thought to form and be active during glacial periods; however, few quantitative data support this assertion. Here, we use in situ cosmogenic 10 Be and 26 Al to quantify the near-surface history of 52 samples in and around the largest boulder field in North America, Hickory Run, in central Pennsylvania, USA. Boulder surface 10 Be concentrations (n = 43) increase downslope, indicate minimum near-surface histories of 70-600 k.y., and are not correlated with lithology or boulder size. Measurements of samples from the top and bottom of one boulder and three underlying clasts as well as 26 Al/ 10 Be ratios (n = 25) suggest that at least some boulders have complex exposure histories caused by flipping and/or cover by other rocks, soil, or ice. Cosmogenic nuclide data demonstrate that Hickory Run, and likely other boulder fields, are dynamic features that persist through multiple glacial-interglacial cycles because of boulder resistance to weathering and erosion. Long and complex boulder histories suggest that climatic interpretations based on the presence of these rocky landforms are likely oversimplifications.

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Geo‐botanical evidence of late quaternary mass wasting in block field areas of Virginia

Hupp

1983

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Studies of block fields at Massanutten Mountain, Virginia, document and provide information on the magnitude and frequency of mass movement on these coarse-grained slopes. Block fields, which traditionally have been considered relicts of Pleistocene climate, oaur on and downslope from resistant Massanutten Sandstone in Passage Creek basin. Slopes are strewn with boulders and vegetative cover on the open block fields is absent to sparse. Several block fields were investigated for evidence of recent movement using the degree of lichen growth, differences in block weathering, and rock-fall damaged trees. Temporal and spatial aspects of geomorphic processes can be inferred through dendrogeochronology. Corrasion scars and stem ages infer a minimum age for a geomorphic or hydrologic event. High flows on Passage Creek coincided with tree-ring determined dates of block-field movement. Although, Pleistocene periglacial climate may have facilitated original formation of block fields, some block fields now continue to spread downslope during intense runoff events. Present block-field mass wasting may be the principal erosional process in these areas of resistant rock.

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The Hickory Run boulder field, Carbon County, Pennsylvania

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Les champs de blocs en Jamésie, Québec subarctique

Les champs de blocs en Jamésie, Québec subarctique

Cosmogenic nuclides indicate that boulder fields are dynamic, ancient, multigenerational features

Geo‐botanical evidence of late quaternary mass wasting in block field areas of Virginia

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