“…Demographic characteristics considered in the study were age group (45–54, 55–64, 65–74, 75 and above), ethnicity (Han ethnicity, Minor ethnicity), marriage status (married, separated, divorced, widowed, or never married et al), health status (having chronic disease or not), household size and health insurance coverage (UEBMI, URBMI, and NRCMS) [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. The basic health insurance system in China includes the Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI) since 1998, covering 190 million urban employees, the Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI) since 2007, covering 420 million urban residents, and the New Rural Cooperative Medical Insurance (NRCMI) since 2003, covering 750 million rural residents [ 30 ].…”