The Heterogeneity of Response of PC12 Cells from Different Laboratories to Nerve Growth Factor and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Questions the Reproducibility of Studies Carried Out with Tumor Cell Lines

Abstract

<b><i>Background:</i></b> PC12 pheochromocytoma tumor cell lines are widely used to decipher the intracellular signaling mechanisms mediating the effects of some growth factors. Nevertheless, the disparity in appearance of some PC12 cell lines used in the different publications questions our ability to compare the results obtained by the numerous laboratories which use them. This led us to analyze the phenotypic aspect and transcriptomic expression of 5 PC12 cell lines from different origins under control conditions and after treatment with nerve growth factor (NGF) or pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Characterization of the 5 PC12 cell lines was conducted using imaging techniques and high-throughput real-time PCR combined with bioinformatics analysis. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The results show that the 5 cell lines are very variable in terms of shape, proliferation rate, motility, adhesion to the substrate, and gene expression. This high heterogeneity of the cell lines is also found when looking at their response to NGF or PACAP on gene expression or differentiation, with even in some cases opposite effects, as, for example, on cell proliferation. Actually, only 2 of the cell lines tested exhibited some phenotypic similarities with each other, even though the transcriptomic analyses show that they are far from identical. <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> As this issue of cell heterogenicity is not restricted to PC12 cells, the present results highlight the need to facilitate the supply of cell lines at low cost, the necessity to standardize practices regarding the use of cell lines, and the requirement to define precise markers of established cell lines which should be monitored in every publication. Regarding this latter point, the present data show that transcriptomic analysis by real-time PCR using a panel of genes of interest is easy to implement and provides a reliable method to control the possible drift of the cells over time in culture. Transcriptomic phenotyping combined with bioinformatics analysis can also be a useful approach to predict the response of the cells to treatments in terms of cell signaling activation, which can help to choose among several cell lines the most appropriate one for the investigation of a particular mechanism. Taken together, the results from this study highlight the need to use well-characterized cell lines with standardized protocols to generate reproducible results from 1 laboratory to the other.

Biased Agonism or “Biaism” for Dummies: A Commentary

“…To be complete, one should mention other non-cancer cells used in cell biology studies, particularly CHO cells, an aneuploid hamster-derived epithelial cell line. Even though this cell line has been very carefully analyzed [40], it remains that the multitude of clones derived are slightly different from each other [41,42], leading to a similar view to PC12 cancer cells, for which clones have widely different expression profiles, leading to completely different conclusions in GPCR pathways [43]. Therefore, the suitability of these host cell lines for the study of "physiological-like" conditions should be questioned.…”