The Hepatokine RBP4 Links Metabolic Diseases to Articular Inflammation

Abstract

Objectives: This study investigates the role of retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) in an articular context. RBP4, a vitamin A transporter, is linked to various metabolic diseases. Methods: Synovial fluid RBP4 levels were assessed in crystalline arthritis (CA) patients using ELISA. RBP4’s impact on articular cell types was analysed in vitro through RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Proteomic analysis was conducted on primary human osteoarthritis chondrocytes (hOACs). Results: Synovial fluid RBP4 concentrations in CA patients correlated positively with glucose levels and negatively with synovial leukocyte count and were elevated in hypertensive patients. In vitro, these RBP4 concentrations activated neutrophils, induced the expression of inflammatory factors in hOACs as well as synoviocytes, and triggered proteomic changes consistent with inflammation. Moreover, they increased catabolism and decreased anabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and glycolysis promotion. Both in silico and in vitro experiments suggested that RBP4 acts through TLR4. Conclusions: This study identifies relevant RBP4 concentrations in CA patients’ synovial fluids, linking them to hypertensive patients with a metabolic disruption. Evidence is provided that RBP4 acts as a DAMP at these concentrations, inducing robust inflammatory, catabolic, chemotactic, and metabolic responses in chondrocytes, synoviocytes, and neutrophils. These effects may explain RBP4-related metabolic diseases’ contribution to joint destruction in various rheumatic conditions like CA.

Identification of key genes and signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease via bioinformatics and next generation sequencing data analysis

“…Signaling pathways include signaling by GPCR [56] [99], EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) [100], ABCA1 [101], CRHR2 [102], RND3 [103], COMT (catechol-Omethyltransferase) [104] and SMAD9 [105] plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Studies have revealed that NEUROD4 [106], SOX10 [107], MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein) [108], NR5A2 [109], GLRA3 [110], FA2H [111], SERPINA [112], HOXB9 [113], TGM2 [114], LRRK2 [115], ROS1 [116] NKX6-1 [141], SLC22A3 [142], CADM2 [143], FREM1 [144], TWIST2 [145], WNT16 [146], KISS1 [147], TMEM176B [148], MYL9 [149], IL7R [150], MBP (myelin basic protein) [151], GPR37 [152], ACAN (aggrecan) [153], SHH (sonic hedgehog signaling molecule) [154], HOXD9 [155], PROK1 [156], AGTR1 [157], TIE1 [158], P2RX7 [159], NTSR1 [160], VTN (vitronectin) [161], SIRT2 [162], RBP4 [163] [178], HLA-DRB1 [179], NKX2-3 [180], CD74 [92], HLA-DRA [181], VWF (von Willebrand factor) [182], BCL6B ...…”