The helical three-dimensional CT in the diagnosis of torticollis with occipitocondylar hypoplasia

Craniovertebral anomalies associated with pituitary gland duplication

“…Firstly, they can be expressed as hypoplasia of the clivus or the occipital condyles with atlantoaxial subluxation [25,46]. In some other patients a narrow foramen magnum was observed, as well as a clivus-odontoid articulation [32,33].…”

“…Occurrence of the supernumerary facets of the atlas is also possible, as well as its partial fusion with the odontoid or with the anterior rim of the foramen magnum, or an incomplete transverse foramen [18,25,39,46]. The latter event is called the arcuate foramen [50].…”

Unilateral occipital condylar dysplasia: 3‐dimensional multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance findings

“…Since Kruyff first introduced plain radiographs of occipital dysplasia in 1965, CT is considered as the best modality to evaluate the articulations of CVJ and to investigate occipital condylar hypoplasia (Kruyff ; Ilkko et al ). Currently, with the widespread availability of multidetector CT, we can obtain state‐of‐the art 3D images of CVJ, as shown in this case.…”