The Helical Structure of Sweat Ducts: Their Influence on the Electromagnetic Reflection Spectrum of the Skin

Hayut, Itai; Puzenko, Alexander; Ishai, Paul Ben; Polsman, Alexander; Agranat, Aharon J.; Feldman, Yuri

doi:10.1109/tthz.2012.2227476

Cited by 47 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Hence their consideration in the model was essential to get a closer insight of EM wave propagation inside the real human tissue and their effect on the signal propagation losses through the skin. The Optical coherent tomography imaging [19] of human skin shows that the sweat ducts are of spiral shape. The detailed model of human skin with sweat duct is initially presented by Hayut et al in [19].…”

Section: A Numerical Human Skin Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Optical coherent tomography imaging [19] of human skin shows that the sweat ducts are of spiral shape. The detailed model of human skin with sweat duct is initially presented by Hayut et al in [19]. In this study, the sweat duct was modeled in the epidermis layer [19] by a helix [17] as shown in Fig.…”

Section: A Numerical Human Skin Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The detailed model of human skin with sweat duct is initially presented by Hayut et al in [19]. In this study, the sweat duct was modeled in the epidermis layer [19] by a helix [17] as shown in Fig. 1 with a height of 265 µm and diameter equals to 40 µm.…”

Section: A Numerical Human Skin Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Terahertz Channel Characterization Inside the Human Skin for Nano-Scale Body-Centric Networks

Abbasi

Sallabi

Chopra

et al. 2016

IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol.

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. (2016) Terahertz channel characterization inside the human skin for nano-scale body-centric networks. IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, 6(3), pp. 427-434. (doi:10.1109/TTHZ.2016.2542213) This is the author's final accepted version.There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it.http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/141057/ Abstract-This paper focuses on the development of novel radio channel model inside the human skin at the terahertz range, which will enable the interaction among potential nano-machines operating in the inter cellular areas of the human skin. Thorough studies are performed on the attenuation of electromagnetic waves inside the human skin, while taking into account the frequency of operation, distance between the nano-machines and number of sweat ducts. A novel channel model is presented for communication of nano-machines inside the human skin and its validation is performed by varying the aforementioned parameters with a reasonable accuracy. The statistics of error prediction between simulated and modeled data are: mean (µ) = 0.6 dB and standard deviation (σ) = 0.4 dB, which indicates the high accuracy of prediction model as compared with measurement data from simulation. In addition, the results of proposed channel model are compared with Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy based measurement of skin sample and the statistics of error prediction in this case are: µ = 2.10 dB and σ = 6.23 dB, which also validates the accuracy of proposed model. Results in this paper highlight the issues and related challenges while characterizing the communication in such a medium, thus paving the way towards novel research activities devoted to the design and the optimization of advanced applications in the health-care domain.

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Section: A Numerical Human Skin Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Numerical Human Skin Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Terahertz Channel Characterization Inside the Human Skin for Nano-Scale Body-Centric Networks

Abbasi

Sallabi

Chopra

et al. 2016

IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol.

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“…It is hypothesised the skin may detect external magnetic signals via the electric charge of the skin, possibly inducing plasmonic fields guiding signals across the surface of the skin to receptors. It is argued that sweat in skin pores may magnify environmental signals [116] [117], theoretically boosting detection of external biophotonic and biomagnetic patterns although others [118], disagreed on the role of skin pores as detectors. Crowds experiencing higher temperatures and humidity appear to be more volatile, it may be that the emotion bearing signals they receive are stronger due to this amplification effect, (see [119]) although elevated temperatures also add on their own to emotional volatility.…”

Section: The Role Of Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sixth Sense-Emotional Contagion; Review of Biophysical Mechanisms Influencing Information Transfer in Groups

McDonnell¹

2014

JBBS

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Rioting historically has been known to cause changes in individual cognition, with heightened emotionality, increased excitement and reduced reflective thought. A cross-disciplinary literature review hypothesises emotional states generate corresponding metabolic bio magnetic fields that radiate in patterns reflecting these emotional states. The oscillatory phase of these waves is advanced as being more significant than the power of signal, permitting stochastic effects to magnify signals by appropriating ambient noise. Possible transmission and detection structures in the body are discussed, induced paramagnetic sensitivity in crowd participants in a phase transition process is hypothesised, the effect may be proportional to crowd numbers. It is suspected that positive effects seen in Transcranial Magnetic Therapy used to treat depression may be operating on this mechanism, acting on natural receptors in the limbic system which also capture light and are implicated in mood transitions. A number of paramagnetic neurotransmitters may be implicated.

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“…Moreover, recently in the scientific literatures, there have been intriguing reports on the remote sensing of mental stress using sub-terahertz electromagnetic waves [4,5]. In these works, it was attributed that the presence of helical structured sweat gland in the skin, when filled with conducing sweat, acts as a low Q helical antenna and that it resonates in the terahertz (THz) frequency range as determined by its parameters such as the helix diameter and the helix length.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the density and dimension of human sweat ducts and their frequency of resonance

Tripathi

Miyata

Yamada

et al. 2014

2014 XXXIth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium (URSI GASS)

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Owing to the rapid development of electronic and photonic devices operating in terahertz (THz) frequency region, it is crucial to understand the non-thermal effects of these electromagnetic waves on human body. In the past, it was reported that human sweat duct works as a helical antenna in terahertz frequency region and it plays an important role in the interaction of THz wave with the skin. In order to further understand the effects of these waves, it is essential to know the morphological features of the sweat ducts. In this work, we analyzed the density and dimension of the ducts based on three dimensional images obtained with optical coherence tomography (OCT). We observed that the sweat ducts possess helical structure and the diameter of the ducts from different regions of the body show considerable resemblance. Based on this information, we numerically determined the resonating frequency of helical ducts which resulted in the terahertz frequency region spanning from 0.3 THz to 0.7 THz.

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The Helical Structure of Sweat Ducts: Their Influence on the Electromagnetic Reflection Spectrum of the Skin

Cited by 47 publications

References 24 publications

Terahertz Channel Characterization Inside the Human Skin for Nano-Scale Body-Centric Networks

Terahertz Channel Characterization Inside the Human Skin for Nano-Scale Body-Centric Networks

The Sixth Sense-Emotional Contagion; Review of Biophysical Mechanisms Influencing Information Transfer in Groups

Study on the density and dimension of human sweat ducts and their frequency of resonance

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