The Heat and Water Budget of the Earth's Surface

Miller, D. A.

doi:10.1016/s0065-2687(08)60497-5

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 245 publications

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“…Only the very sheltered sites can profit from this exchange of sensible heat to enjoy a warmer microclimate in the layer near the ground. Poste-de-la-Baleine is located at the northern limit of the forest on the east coast of the Bay; Miller (1965) has aiready noted the effect of cold air off the Arctic Océan in encouraging tundra over forest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Radiation Balance of Snow-Free Surfaces at Poste-de-la-Baleine, Québec, May 30 – June 1, 1970

Wilson¹,

Macfarlane²

2005

cgq

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On a mesuré le rayonnement solaire global et le bilan du rayonnement pour des surfaces très variées à Poste-de-la-Baleine, au Québec, du 30 mai au 1er juin 1970, pendant des périodes cycloniques et anticycloniques alternantes. À l'exception d'une surface d'eau libre dans le sud-est de la Baie de James et près des îles Belcher, la glace recouvrait la Baie d'Hudson. Les flux provenant de l'ouest et du sud-ouest s'accompagnaient de temps frais, humide et nuageux. On a trouvé une bonne corrélation linéaire entre le bilan du rayonnement et le rayonnement global, pour toutes les surfaces et pour les temps nuageux, depuis le brouillard jusqu'aux cirrus. Les résultats indiquent que, malgré la réduction du rayonnement solaire par les nuages, environ 72% de l'énergie était disponible en surface pour les processus biologiques et physiques. Il faut noter l'importance du flux de chaleur sensible et l'advection de l'air froid provenant de la Baie.Total insolation and net radiation were measured for a wide variety of surfaces at Poste-de-la-Baleine, Québec, from May 30 to June 1, 1970, during alternating cyclonic and anticyclonic situations. With the exception of open water in southeastem James Bay and in the vicinity of the Belcher Islands, the ice cover was complete over Hudson Bayand westerly and southwesterly flow were associated with cool, wet, cloudy weather. For cloudy conditions, including fog and cirrus, and damp surfaces, a close linear relationship was found to exist between net radiation and total insolation for all surfaces. The results indicated that although the insolation was much reduced by cloud cover, about 72% of the energy was available at the surface for physical and biological processes. The importance of the sensible heat flux is noted, and of the cold advection from the Bay

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Radiation Balance of Snow-Free Surfaces at Poste-de-la-Baleine, Québec, May 30 – June 1, 1970

Wilson¹,

Macfarlane²

2005

cgq

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“…(12) Because of the symmetry of the daily curves on clear days, an even more predictive relationship was found, when some selected parameters were plotted against cos Z (Z ----zenith angle of sun) in analogy to some theoretical considerations (see below). (23) Obviously, relations like the above can be of sufficient predictability only on relatively clear days. Computed R = 242.0, observed R = 243.0 (independent net radiation system)…”

Section: Energy Fluxes At the Urban Interface 399mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Very commonly energy and moisture fluxes are monitored under anticyclonic regional weather patterns, either for the sake of simplicity, i. e., in order to reduce the number of variables which are fluctuating during the time of a field experiment or because it is assumed that this pattern comprises the most representative weather for a particular site. But, "the changes of weather and season produce changes in the heat and water balances; data on fluxes throw light on such events as radiation frosts, drying winds, 9 .. a day in Spring in a bare forest, days following a front passage, and other critical times" [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of a cyclonic storm on the energy fluxes at the urban interface — A preliminary experiment

Terjung¹

1971

Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl. B.

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SummaryThe spatial and temporal variations of the energy and moisture budgets of a megalopolis (Los Angeles basin) were examined during a frontal passage February 23, 1969) and during an extremely clear day (March 4, 1969) in order to determine the existing continuum of possible extremes during that season. The distributional aspects of solar radiation (direct and diffuse), reflected solar radiation, net radiation, latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, and heat flux in or out of the urban interface were examined. Budgets of input and output of the storm study were contrasted with those of the clear day study. Also measured and compared were actual surface temperatures, terrain radiant temperatures, radiant sky temperatures, and dry and wet-bulb temperatures. Especially in the case of the clear day investigation, a series of empirical and physical-theoretical models were tested and proved to be rather realistic in comparison with actual observations in the field. Such models were less successful during the storm when the city surface received extremely low amounts of energy. Especially striking were the multitude of energy processes and their probable causes during the storm. The frontal passage caused a reduction of 92 ~ of the absorbed solar radiation as compared to the clear day. Infrared components of the budget were much less affected.

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“…(Ref 15, p. 4) It therefore followed that a careful analysis of the mechanisms underpinning the heat and water exchange would enable 'premeditated and sustainable transformative changes' in the wider environment. Furthermore, they envisaged that in time such understanding would enable large-scale changes to climatic conditions in addition to lower-level and smaller-scale transformations (Ref 15, pp [16][17]…”

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confidence: 99%

Climate modification and climate change debates among Soviet physical geographers, 1940s–1960s

Oldfield

2013

WIREs Climate Change

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This review provides an insight into some of the main themes characterizing the work of Soviet physical geographers concerning climate during the decade following the Second World War. Post-1945, pressure was placed upon geography via the state and the Academy of Sciences to ensure that its activities were of practical use to the development of the socialist economy and this was particularly evident in the case of work related to climate and climate modification. The review is divided into four main sections. First, it provides an understanding of the range of work carried out by physical geographers with respect to climate and related phenomena in the late 1940s and 1950s. Second, it focuses on the work of geographers and climatologists in relation to the heat and water balance at the earth's surface, which attracted considerable attention within geographical circles as well as more broadly within Soviet science during the 1950s. Third, it reflects upon the way in which Soviet geography utilized its understanding of climate systems in order to participate in national schemes concerned with the modification of the climate and the transformation of nature. Finally, the review highlights the maturing of climate modification debates among geographers and cognate scientists during the late 1950s and early 1960s with the emergence of competing discussions over the potential for human activity to result in both positive and negative consequences for the global climate system.

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The Heat and Water Budget of the Earth's Surface

Cited by 22 publications

References 245 publications

The Radiation Balance of Snow-Free Surfaces at Poste-de-la-Baleine, Québec, May 30 – June 1, 1970

The Radiation Balance of Snow-Free Surfaces at Poste-de-la-Baleine, Québec, May 30 – June 1, 1970

The effect of a cyclonic storm on the energy fluxes at the urban interface — A preliminary experiment

Climate modification and climate change debates among Soviet physical geographers, 1940s–1960s

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